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(Osun), Soy oil / High protein cake, Extruded products<br />

(100%). Akiibiti Farms (Ondo), Extruded products (100%).<br />

J<strong>of</strong> Ideal Family Farm (Ondo), Vegetable oil (100%).<br />

Termitope Biscuit Industry Ltd. (Ogun), Soybiscuit (10%),<br />

Baby food (30%). Rainbow Manufacturing Industries<br />

(Ogun), Soyfl our / High protein cake (100%). Babs Ventures<br />

(Ondo), Soy<strong>milk</strong> / Cassory (100%). Parakletos Co. Ltd.<br />

(Osun), Soyfl our / Baby food (100%). IBOL (Osun), High<br />

protein cake (100%). Oyalemi Farm (Ondo), Soy vegetable<br />

oil (100%). Women’s Group (Jos), Soyfl our (100%). Golden<br />

Oil Industry (Anambra), Soy oil / Cake (100%).<br />

(7) Summary <strong>of</strong> number <strong>of</strong> markets <strong>and</strong> retail outlets<br />

for <strong>soy</strong>bean <strong>and</strong> products in Ibadan, Nigeria (1987 to 1994).<br />

The survey was conducted in January <strong>of</strong> each year. In Jan.<br />

1987, 2 markets <strong>and</strong> 4 retailers were selling <strong>soy</strong>. Soybeans<br />

cost 1.50 Naira per kg; only <strong>soy</strong>beans (seeds) were sold. In<br />

Jan. 1990, 19 markets <strong>and</strong> 419 retailers were selling <strong>soy</strong>.<br />

Soybeans cost 4.25 Naira per kg; <strong>soy</strong>beans (seeds) <strong>and</strong> <strong>soy</strong><br />

fl our were sold. In Jan. 1994, 64 markets <strong>and</strong> 1,017 retailers<br />

were selling <strong>soy</strong>. Soybeans cost 20.00 Naira per kg; <strong>soy</strong>beans<br />

(seeds) <strong>and</strong> <strong>soy</strong> fl our were sold.<br />

Figures show: (1) Comparative prices <strong>of</strong> selected<br />

commodities that are sources <strong>of</strong> protein in Nigeria (1987-<br />

1994). Soybeans are by far the least expensive source <strong>of</strong><br />

protein <strong>and</strong> <strong>milk</strong> powder is by far the most expensive.<br />

Infl ation increased dramatically after 1990. (2) Schematic<br />

diagram <strong>of</strong> commercial <strong>soy</strong><strong>milk</strong> production (UHT <strong>and</strong><br />

aseptic). (3) Schematic diagram <strong>of</strong> <strong>soy</strong>bean processing by<br />

extrusion / expelling.<br />

(5) Processing <strong>of</strong> <strong>soy</strong>beans <strong>and</strong> cereals by dry extrusion.<br />

Includes full fat <strong>soy</strong> fl our <strong>and</strong> snack foods. (6) Number <strong>of</strong><br />

indigenous <strong>soy</strong> processing companies in Nigeria (1987-<br />

1994). The number increased from about 2 in 1987 to about<br />

22 in 1991 to about 52 in 1994.<br />

Soy<strong>milk</strong> yoghurt <strong>and</strong> frozen <strong>soy</strong> lollies (ice cream on a<br />

stick) are sold commercially in Nigeria. Six companies are<br />

involved in <strong>soy</strong> beverages. About 7 large-scale companies<br />

<strong>and</strong> several small ones in Nigeria are using <strong>soy</strong>bean as part<br />

<strong>of</strong> the raw material in the manufacture <strong>of</strong> baby foods <strong>and</strong><br />

breakfast cereals (p. 13). Address: PhD, Food Technologist<br />

& Coordinator, Soybean Utilization Project, International<br />

Inst. <strong>of</strong> Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan,<br />

Nigeria.<br />

1026. Parks, Thomas R.; Bindon, J.N.; Bowles, A.J.G.;<br />

Golbitz, P.; Lampi, R.A.; Marquardt, R.F. 1994.<br />

Methodologies for processing plant material into acceptable<br />

food on a small scale, phase II. M<strong>of</strong>fett Field, California:<br />

National Aeronautics <strong>and</strong> Space Administration, Ames<br />

Research <strong>Center</strong>. x + 219 + 21 p. Sept. Illust. No index. 28<br />

cm. Technical Report. NASA CR-177647, A-94130. Govt.<br />

Doc. No.: NAS 1.26:177647. [10 ref]<br />

• Summary: A study <strong>of</strong> simple processing equipment for the<br />

foods to be used by NASA in closed ecological life support<br />

HISTORY OF SOY YOGURT & CULTURED SOYMILK 386<br />

© Copyright Soyinfo <strong>Center</strong> 2012<br />

systems (CELSS) on a space station under micro-/zerogravity<br />

conditions. Most nutrient requirements can be met<br />

by four crops, which were studied: Soybeans, wheat, white<br />

potatoes, <strong>and</strong> sweet potatoes.<br />

The section titled Soyfoods (p. 171-96) has the<br />

following contents: Introduction (composition <strong>of</strong> dried<br />

<strong>soy</strong>beans, best foods for CELSS, processing equipment),<br />

<strong>soy</strong><strong>milk</strong>, t<strong>of</strong>u, okara, tempeh, edamame (immature green<br />

<strong>soy</strong>beans), <strong>soy</strong> sprouts, processing by extrusion/expelling<br />

(oil), expeller pressed <strong>soy</strong> oil, whole fat <strong>soy</strong> fl our, <strong>soy</strong><strong>milk</strong><br />

beverages, t<strong>of</strong>u-based meat replacers, tempe-based meat<br />

replacers, <strong>soy</strong> <strong>yogurt</strong> (fermented), frozen desserts, textured<br />

<strong>soy</strong> fl our, extrusion impact on functional properties, materials<br />

balance. The production <strong>of</strong> wheat gluten from wheat, <strong>and</strong> the<br />

biomass culture <strong>of</strong> mushrooms are also discussed (p. 160).<br />

Tables <strong>and</strong> fi gures show: (T7) Soyfoods–Composition<br />

<strong>and</strong> nutrient content (based on USDA H<strong>and</strong>book No. 8-16,<br />

full page). (F78) Chart <strong>of</strong> modern <strong>soy</strong>foods, divided into:<br />

Soya-based dairy alternatives <strong>and</strong> Soya-based prepared<br />

foods. (F79) Four methods <strong>of</strong> <strong>soy</strong><strong>milk</strong> production:<br />

Traditional, Cornell, Illinois, ProSoya. (F80) Modifi ed<br />

ProSoya system with pressure plate <strong>and</strong> centrifugal basket<br />

for okara removal. (F81) Flow chart for regular t<strong>of</strong>u<br />

production. (F82) Flow chart for tempeh production. (F83)<br />

Flow chart for <strong>soy</strong>bean processing by extrusion/expelling.<br />

(F84) Flow chart for <strong>soy</strong><strong>milk</strong> <strong>yogurt</strong>. (F85) Flow chart<br />

for <strong>soy</strong><strong>milk</strong> ice cream. (F86) Processing <strong>soy</strong>beans for<br />

primary <strong>soy</strong>food products with extruder. Address: Food<br />

<strong>and</strong> AgroSystems, Inc., 1289 M<strong>and</strong>arin Dr., Sunnyvale,<br />

California 94087.<br />

1027. Demos, Steve. 1994. How White Wave selects<br />

<strong>soy</strong>beans to make t<strong>of</strong>u, tempeh, <strong>and</strong> <strong>soy</strong> <strong>yogurt</strong>, <strong>and</strong> to create<br />

value-added products (Interview). SoyaScan Notes. Oct. 15.<br />

Conducted by William Shurtleff <strong>of</strong> Soyfoods <strong>Center</strong>.<br />

• Summary: White Wave now uses 3 varieties <strong>of</strong> <strong>soy</strong>beans:<br />

A blend <strong>of</strong> two varieties for making t<strong>of</strong>u, <strong>and</strong> one different<br />

variety for tempeh. Steve selected these varieties over a<br />

number <strong>of</strong> years by a trial <strong>and</strong> error process–but he would<br />

like to be able to select them in a more scientifi c way. For<br />

making <strong>soy</strong> <strong>yogurt</strong>, Steve is looking for a new variety,<br />

which must have a low fl avor pr<strong>of</strong>i le (i.e. little beany fl avor).<br />

Within the last year, he began talking with a <strong>soy</strong>bean breeder<br />

who approached Steve saying that he had one <strong>soy</strong>bean with a<br />

low lipoxygenase content (which is thought to give <strong>soy</strong><strong>milk</strong><br />

with little beany fl avor), <strong>and</strong> an<strong>other</strong> with a low fat content.<br />

Steve is looking for better fl avor <strong>and</strong> lower calories because<br />

he is trying to develop value-added products out <strong>of</strong> former<br />

commodities for his Vegetarian Cuisine line. The key to<br />

doing this is developing products that taste better.<br />

For many years, <strong>soy</strong>foods consumers were willing<br />

to sacrifi ce taste for ideology or price. T<strong>of</strong>u <strong>and</strong> tempeh<br />

have traditionally been bought <strong>and</strong> sold as commodities,<br />

so manufacturers <strong>of</strong> these foods have traditionally paid

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