history of soy yogurt, soy acidophilus milk and other ... - SoyInfo Center

More documents

Recommendations

Info

worldwide to make soymilk commercially. The product was canned and the beany fl avor removed by live steam processing. 1931–Madison Foods of Madison, Tennessee, introduces Madison Soy Milk–the world’s earliest known soymilk to be fortifi ed with calcium and the second commercial soymilk product made by Seventh-day Adventists in the USA. Madison Foods is a company run by students and faculty within Madison College, a pioneering work/study school. 1936 Jan.–Dr. Harry W. Miller and his son, Willis, start making Vetose Soya Milk, sold in natural or chocolate fl avors in sterilized half pint or quart bottles at their Vetose Nutritional Laboratories in Shanghai, China. Dr. Miller is a Seventh-day Adventist physician, a student of Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, and a medical missionary living in China. The world’s fi rst “soy dairy,” this company also made soy ice cream and Acidophilus Vetose (a cultured soya milk)– both launched in Jan. 1936. But Japan was invading China. Within months after the soy-milk business began booming, a Japanese bomb blew up the soy dairy. 1936 June–Sobee, the world’s earliest known branded soy-based infant formula, is launched by the American Soya Products Corp. of Evansville, Indiana. 1939 autumn–Dr. Harry W. Miller, forced by the war in China to return to the USA, starts making soymilk at Mt. Vernon, Ohio, in a large brick plant which he and coworkers built from the ground up. The fi rst two products were canned liquid soymilk (made in a pressure cooker and fortifi ed with vitamins and minerals) and malted soymilk (Soy-A-Malt). Pressure from the powerful U.S. dairy industry and the USDA convinced Miller not to call his product ‘soymilk,’ so he latinized the name to Soya Lac. This term was fi rst used in late 1939 for Miller’s fi rst American soymilk. 1940 March–K.S. Lo, founder and managing director of the Hong Kong Soya Bean Products Co. Ltd. starts to make soymilk in Hong Kong. His product, originally named Vita Milk (Wai-ta-nai in Chinese) was fortifi ed with calcium, codliver oil, and vitamins, and sold in milk bottles, primarily as a nutritious, affordable beverage for refugees. In June 1940 the product was renamed Sunspot, and in 1953 it was renamed Vitasoy. Continued. An asterisk (*) at the end of the record means that SOYFOODS CENTER does not own that document. A plus after eng (eng+) means that SOYFOODS CENTER has done a partial or complete translation into English of that document. An asterisk in a listing of number of references [23* ref] means that most of these references are not about soybeans or soyfoods. HISTORY OF SOY YOGURT & CULTURED SOYMILK 534 © Copyright Soyinfo Center 2012
SUBJECT/GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX BY RECORD NUMBERS Aburagé. See Tofu, Fried Acid-base balance in diet and health. See Nutrition–Acid-Base Balance Acidophilus soymilk or soy acidophilus milk. See Soymilk, Fermented Actimonde S.A. (Agrolactor system). 905, 1073, 1076, 1118 Adhesives or Glues for Plywood, Other Woods, Wallpaper, Building Materials, Etc.–Industrial Uses of Soy Proteins (Including Soy Flour). 21, 29, 828, 981 Adhesives, Asphalt Preservation Agents, Caulking Compounds, Artifi cial Leather, Polyols, and Other Minor or General–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Drying Oil. 22, 828, 981 Adjuvants, Carriers, and Surfactants for Pesticides, Herbicides, and Other Agricultural Chemicals–Industrial Uses of Soy Oil as a Non- Drying Oil. 247 ADM. See Archer Daniels Midland Co. Adventists, Seventh-day. See Seventh-day Adventists Adzuki bean. See Azuki Bean Afl atoxins. See Toxins and Toxicity in Foods and Feeds–Afl atoxins Africa (General). 148, 156, 262, 521, 526, 745, 954, 1073, 1317 Africa–Algeria, Democratic and Popular Republic of. 69, 148 Africa–Benin (Bénin in French; Dahomey before 1975; Part of French West Africa from 1904-1960). 148 Africa–Burundi (Part of the Belgian trust territory of Ruanda- Urundi or Belgian East Africa until 1962). 1073, 1118 Africa–Cameroon (Spelled Kamerun from 1884-1916; Cameroun in French). 1118 Africa–Cape Verde or Cape Verde Islands (Ilhas do Cabo Verde. República de Cabo Verde). 1073, 1118 Africa–Chad. 1019, 1024, 1058, 1342 Africa–Congo (formerly Zaire). Offi cially Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Also known as Congo-Kinshasa. Named Zaire from Oct. 1971 to May 1997. Named Congo Free State from 1855-1908, Belgian Congo (Congo Belge in French) from 1908- 1960, Republic of the Congo from 1960 to 1964, then Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1964-1971. 69, 235, 1340 Africa–Congo Republic (Offi cially Republic of the Congo or HISTORY OF SOY YOGURT & CULTURED SOYMILK 535 © Copyright Soyinfo Center 2012 People’s Republic of the Congo. Also known as Congo-Brazzaville. Called Middle Congo {Moyen-Congo} from about 1880 to 1960. Part of French Equatorial Africa from 1910 to 1958). 1073, 1118 Africa–Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast until Oct. 1985; Part of French West Africa from 1895-1959). 148, 1073, 1118 Africa–Egypt. Named United Arab Republic (UAR) from 1958- 1971. 55, 148, 237, 258, 304, 313, 317, 393, 435, 513, 524, 543, 545, 567, 599, 605, 1017, 1073, 1076, 1118, 1129 Africa–Gambia (The). Includes Senegambia. 55 Africa–Ghana (Gold Coast before 1957). 55, 148 Africa–Guinea (French Guinea before 1958; Guinée in French; Part of French West Africa from 1895-1958). 1342 Africa–Introduction of Soybeans to. Earliest document seen concerning soybeans in a certain African country. 1073 Africa–Introduction of Soybeans to. This document contains the earliest date seen for soybeans in a certain African country. 1058 Africa–Introduction of Soybeans to. This document contains the earliest date seen for the cultivation of soybeans in a certain African country. 1058 Africa–Kenya (British East Africa Protectorate from 1895. Renamed Kenya Protectorate in 1920). 1342 Africa–Lesotho (Basutoland before 1966). Constitutional Monarchy Surrounded by South Africa. 553, 588 Africa–Libya (Including Tripoli, Tripolitania, and Cyrenaica; Also Spelled Libia). 423, 424, 425, 426, 427 Africa–Mauritius (Ile Maurice, Including Rodriguez, in the Mascarene Islands, 450 Miles East of Madagascar). 55 Africa–Morocco, Kingdom of (Including Western Sahara. Divided into French Morocco and Spanish Morocco from 1912-1956). 148 Africa–Mozambique (Moçambique; Portuguese East Africa before 1975). 588, 1342 Africa–Namibia (German South-West Africa from 1885 to 1915, and South-West Africa from 1919 to 1966 as a mandate of the Union of South Africa. Namibia came into popular use in 1966 and became offi cial in March 1990). 1342 Africa–Nigeria, Federal Republic of. 55, 148, 360, 521, 584, 905, 944, 957, 1025, 1058, 1072, 1073, 1118, 1167, 1312 Africa–Senegal (Part of French West Africa from 1895-1959. Sénégal & Sudanese Republic from June 20 to August 20, 1960. Includes Senegambia). 1058 Africa–Sierra Leone. 55
Page 1 and 2:
Copyright © 2012 by Soyinfo Center
Page 3 and 4:
Contents Copyright © 2012 by Soyin
Page 5 and 6:
Brief chronology / timeline of soy
Page 7 and 8:
Regional Research Laboratory (Peori
Page 9 and 10:
Page 11 and 12:
Most Important Thing: The KEY to us
Page 13 and 14:
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
HISTORY OF SOY YOGURT & CULTURED SO
Page 21 and 22:
• Summary: “Masson, of Geneva,
Page 23 and 24:
to Saint-Germaine-en-Laye. There, p
Page 25 and 26:
following cases. 1st. As a substitu
Page 27 and 28:
ean {“black” or “crow” bean
Page 29 and 30:
process of calico printing.” “I
Page 31 and 32:
soluble in ammonia and caustic solu
Page 33 and 34:
and editor of The National Grocer,
Page 35 and 36:
29. Li, Yu-ying; Grandvoinnet, L. 1
Page 37 and 38:
The Introduction (p. 101-07) notes
Page 39 and 40:
casein. To the casein thus obtained
Page 41 and 42:
in suppressing the putrefactive bac
Page 43 and 44:
“Fermentation for the manufacture
Page 45 and 46:
A large, excellent, and very detail
Page 47 and 48:
discussion and summary. Explanation
Page 49 and 50:
acteriological techniques as a subs
Page 51 and 52:
61. Horvath, A.A. 1927. The soybean
Page 53 and 54:
corner of Spain, just north of Port
Page 55 and 56:
ingestion of soymilk and better coo
Page 57 and 58:
Michigan] brings out the following
Page 59 and 60:
special service. Likewise in cases
Page 61 and 62:
equal volumes of water according to
Page 63 and 64:
• Summary: This summary of an art
Page 65 and 66:
ich source of high quality, low cos
Page 67 and 68:
soy acidophilus milk will never be
Page 69 and 70:
United States in saving the life of
Page 71 and 72:
secretary of the Nutrition Departme
Page 73 and 74:
may be glad to hear about. “I fi
Page 75 and 76:
occupations.’ “In view of the f
Page 77 and 78:
consumption of meat”). Note: This
Page 79 and 80:
and is more nourishing than ordinar
Page 81 and 82:
y Woelker / Voelker, the results of
Page 83 and 84:
prepared with fi sh bladders or min
Page 85 and 86:
the soybean and its needs for ferti
Page 87 and 88:
163. Huebscher, Adolf. 1943. Die So
Page 89 and 90:
This Carver Laboratory fi lm only c
Page 91 and 92:
of soybeans that have the white hil
Page 93 and 94:
extent of coagulation, reduction of
Page 95 and 96:
on a small scale. Note: It is not i
Page 97 and 98:
189. Kon, S.K. 1959. Milk and milk
Page 99 and 100:
Ave., Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Chapter
Page 101 and 102:
operations is unknown. No informati
Page 103 and 104:
into a more easily digested sugar.
Page 105 and 106:
Note 2. This is the earliest docume
Page 107 and 108:
Vegetarian chow mein (with soy spro
Page 109 and 110:
was improved by culturing a solutio
Page 111 and 112:
host for the acidophilus bacteria w
Page 113 and 114:
Cheese and English Cheddar. The rea
Page 115 and 116:
formation and nutrition, some food
Page 117 and 118:
Note: This is the earliest English-
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
• Summary: Soymilk was subjected
Page 123 and 124:
The Introduction, by Stephen, begin
Page 125 and 126:
maintain its physical and organolep
Page 127 and 128:
28 cm. Rev. ed. 1977 Autumn Press,
Page 129 and 130:
Note: This is the earliest English-
Page 131 and 132:
Note: This is the earliest document
Page 133 and 134:
or as Soy yogurt). Sour cream (p. 4
Page 135 and 136:
fl our, edible groundnut protein is
Page 137 and 138:
• Summary: Contents: Introduction
Page 139 and 140:
seen (Oct. 2003) that uses the term
Page 141 and 142:
whole soybeans. The best way is to
Page 143 and 144:
soy yogurt. Talk with Danny Paolucc
Page 145 and 146:
fermented milk products. Address: P
Page 147 and 148:
Page 149 and 150:
Tahoe, where they all stay for two
Page 151 and 152:
On the top half of the ad is a larg
Page 153 and 154:
value of tofu, p. 125). The Book of
Page 155 and 156:
and life.” Note: This is the seco
Page 157 and 158:
discussed in Table 1, however their
Page 159 and 160:
Note 1. This is the earliest Englis
Page 161 and 162:
Massachusetts 01301. Phone: (413) 7
Page 163 and 164:
399. Thalman, Margaret Morse. 1980.
Page 165 and 166:
April. “Climbing Curd,” an arti
Page 167 and 168:
fermenti solely for this purpose wo
Page 169 and 170:
Address: Yamanashi Prefectural Agri
Page 171 and 172:
alternative to dairy milk. In the s
Page 173 and 174:
Partially because of the mushroomin
Page 175 and 176:
had originated; the key to it had b
Page 177 and 178:
Miller started his soymilk research
Page 179 and 180:
humans and most mammals. The jejunu
Page 181 and 182:
Bragg, CA 95437. Phone: 707-964-292
Page 183 and 184:
esearcher, Jackson L. Cartter, who
Page 185 and 186:
every time you prepare it.” Addre
Page 187 and 188:
named The Home Sanitarium... Their
Page 189 and 190:
The book is interspersed with nice
Page 191 and 192:
Soyfoods Industry and Market. p. 7.
Page 193 and 194:
2. Soyfoods industry directory: Nam
Page 195 and 196:
in Okayama, and when it is done the
Page 197 and 198:
Kibun in Japan, is going to make 12
Page 199 and 200:
“Soyfoods-Aliments à base de soj
Page 201 and 202:
slide show with 60 color slides. Th
Page 203 and 204:
Commercial soymilk kefi r, named So
Page 205 and 206:
product. Address: Sweden. 515. Prod
Page 207 and 208:
Dep. of Human Ecology, Univ. of Mar
Page 209 and 210:
and was eventually appointed direct
Page 211 and 212:
his laboratory pouring ingredients
Page 213 and 214:
• Summary: In an attempt to impro
Page 215 and 216:
state of the art technology from th
Page 217 and 218:
natural food stores. The starter wa
Page 219 and 220:
arranging for two Japanese scientis
Page 221 and 222:
stores in France. The price is very
Page 223 and 224:
579. Kates, Joanne. 1985. Tofu for
Page 225 and 226:
Community members started the fi rs
Page 227 and 228:
Canada and Plenty USA sent Farm Soy
Page 229 and 230:
in California under the management
Page 231 and 232:
launched by Eastern Food products o
Page 233 and 234:
April 26. Add Society for Acclimati
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
599. Magdoub, M.N.I.; Shehata, A.E.
Page 239 and 240:
lactone (GDL) is added. Coagulation
Page 241 and 242:
India... Technology that makes soya
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
fi les... A tofu TV dinner is in th
Page 247 and 248:
up with fi ve exciting new products
Page 249 and 250:
Japanese Patent 84-239,688 (FSTA 84
Page 251 and 252:
soymilk users by offering a more ec
Page 253 and 254:
elaborate ones last. A nutritional
Page 255 and 256:
671. Murata, K.; Kusakabe, I.; Koba
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
foods, containing either 50% by wei
Page 261 and 262:
true, the company hopes to spoon up
Page 263 and 264:
previous soy yogurts in the UK had
Page 265 and 266:
soy ice cream, and other dairy anal
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
of Lactobacillus casei and L. acido
Page 271 and 272:
Amaranth and Sea Veggie (both 3/87)
Page 273 and 274:
of Diet Coke, special labeling and
Page 275 and 276:
and fi xed. The product now is back
Page 277 and 278:
1989. Feb. 22. The product, launche
Page 279 and 280:
of Soyfoods Center. • Summary: On
Page 281 and 282:
met Robert, a macro, who introduced
Page 283 and 284:
• Summary: Introduced in 1985, To
Page 285 and 286:
The company expanded too fast repor
Page 287 and 288:
Nutrition: Per 100 gm.: Energy 73 K
Page 289 and 290:
793. Technique Laitiere & Marketing
Page 291 and 292:
799. Kueppers, C. 1988. Camembertka
Page 293 and 294:
those extended with soy are seen as
Page 295 and 296:
pricing, margins, and promotional d
Page 297 and 298:
know there is money to be made by t
Page 299 and 300:
non-dairy alternative to ice cream,
Page 301 and 302:
cups. When it has set a little, the
Page 303 and 304:
industry. Nonfermented soyfoods ind
Page 305 and 306:
that made his culture (Aurotech) wh
Page 307 and 308:
product.” That is not true for pa
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
category should be well defi ned un
Page 313 and 314:
product. The company stopped produc
Page 315 and 316:
DM 1.45. How Stored: Refrigerated.
Page 317 and 318:
tasting, high-yielding soymilk. Add
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
When Huegli bought Heirler and Yama
Page 323 and 324:
manufacturers in Europe, ranked in
Page 325 and 326:
dehulled soya beans, sea salt), raw
Page 327 and 328:
products.” Lists the ingredients
Page 329 and 330:
all are made from isolates with dai
Page 331 and 332:
team there. But it was too big a ma
Page 333 and 334:
production of yogurt from soymilk.
Page 335 and 336:
sale prices-a practice that he does
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
proteins (protéines de soja, 1.3%)
Page 341 and 342:
products are recommended less frequ
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
In the fi rst 4-year phase of the S
Page 347 and 348:
Europe and the USSR for food and an
Page 349 and 350:
How Stored: Refrigerated. Nutrition
Page 351 and 352:
conducted with the assistance of an
Page 353 and 354:
Date of Introduction: 1992. April.
Page 355 and 356:
soybeans. Prepared according to the
Page 357 and 358:
Date of Introduction: 1992. Novembe
Page 359 and 360:
Kaas), Great Eastern Sun (Miso Mast
Page 361 and 362:
Marshall, V.M.E.; Revah-Moiseev, S.
Page 363 and 364:
processes, a sample SoyaCow cost-be
Page 365 and 366:
egan in 1984 with Mix Plus+ (a liqu
Page 367 and 368:
service product list (Leafl et). Bo
Page 369 and 370:
available in raspberry, strawberry,
Page 371 and 372:
soymilk, and soy-based calf milk re
Page 373 and 374:
entering markets where Cole’s pro
Page 375 and 376:
was launched in Italy, in English w
Page 377 and 378:
is defi nitely as good as the Germa
Page 379 and 380:
introduction, manufacturer’s name
Page 381 and 382:
the famous Seventh-day Adventist ph
Page 383 and 384:
made by Madison. His contacts with
Page 385 and 386:
• Summary: This article, in a sec
Page 387 and 388:
more attention to yield and functio
Page 389 and 390:
product without isolates and PLL wa
Page 391 and 392:
Creating amazing dairy-free cheese
Page 393 and 394:
yogurt drink is produced only for d
Page 395 and 396:
Azuma Natto Foods Co. Ltd.: This na
Page 397 and 398:
marijuana; they are different plant
Page 399 and 400:
other women, all dressed in traditi
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404:
(e.g. R.J. Reynolds). Vendor/child
Page 405 and 406:
product would be carried in the ref
Page 407 and 408:
akara, kuni, fufu, eba, etc. Soy mi
Page 409 and 410:
healthy vegetarian diet. Summertown
Page 411 and 412:
1080. Garcia Uriarte, Alvaro; Orteg
Page 413 and 414:
The development of new soyfoods pro
Page 415 and 416:
Soybeans, soyfoods, and vegetariani
Page 417 and 418:
Manufacturer’s Address: Granovita
Page 419 and 420:
married to Raul Castro (Fidel’s b
Page 421 and 422:
guides for pregnant and breast feed
Page 423 and 424:
how to buy. Recipes include: Soymil
Page 425 and 426:
juice manufacturer Edgar Welch, aut
Page 427 and 428:
a colon healthy. Includes a cookboo
Page 429 and 430:
information resources. Soy cookbook
Page 431 and 432:
Color photos show: (1) Vertical pla
Page 433 and 434:
out of debt, realizing that being l
Page 435 and 436:
Page 437 and 438:
“But even now, with his careers a
Page 439 and 440:
Oriental soybean foods (tofu, tempe
Page 441 and 442:
children could not see the gaping p
Page 443 and 444:
sure that Trader Joe sold the produ
Page 445 and 446:
12,000 quarts of a perishable soymi
Page 447 and 448:
cappuccino fl avors. Some are in re
Page 449 and 450:
ook tells the story of that experim
Page 451 and 452:
have a reasonable amount of time to
Page 453 and 454:
Percent daily values are based on a
Page 455 and 456:
of Soyfoods Center. • Summary: Ge
Page 457 and 458:
of soymilk equipment sale. It was n
Page 459 and 460:
15 new products. These include: Veg
Page 461 and 462:
Ted learned a lesson when he was ma
Page 463 and 464:
(soy beverages), soybean oil, soynu
Page 465 and 466:
(Overview). Compiled by William Shu
Page 467 and 468:
and Morningstar fi rst began to wor
Page 469 and 470:
Other products include soy-based yo
Page 471 and 472:
Eating disorders. 15. Underweight.
Page 473 and 474:
Page 475 and 476:
(fi ltered water, whole organic soy
Page 477 and 478:
sold as plain tofu 125 gm packs; (2
Page 479 and 480:
1245. White Wave, Inc. 2002. Silk i
Page 481 and 482:
Page 483 and 484: cultures & tastes incredible. Non-G
Page 485 and 486: pesticides, herbicides, or chemical
Page 487 and 488: 1262. Mescher, Kelly. 2003. Japanes
Page 489 and 490: HISTORY OF SOY YOGURT & CULTURED SO
Page 491 and 492: HISTORY OF SOY YOGURT & CULTURED SO
Page 493 and 494: that Trader Joe’s had called Gary
Page 495 and 496: people speaking many different lang
Page 497 and 498: Richmond, spokesperson for Silk. 20
Page 499 and 500: 162. [39 ref] • Summary: Contents
Page 501 and 502: found himself short of cash and in
Page 503 and 504: Dill, Spinach & Artichoke, Gourmet
Page 505 and 506: 40, cherries 22, grapefruit 25, ora
Page 507 and 508: Ted was going into new packaging an
Page 509 and 510: Botany (the little green thing atop
Page 511 and 512: the company; Paul sold the company
Page 513 and 514: 1327. United Soybean Board (USB). 2
Page 515 and 516: and 3 in Latin America {Brazil, Col
Page 517 and 518: Soyrizo, and 1 each for edamame, so
Page 519 and 520: develop small-scale food processing
Page 521 and 522: lives in Los Angeles and Vancouver,
Page 523 and 524: home. SoyaCow project. Literacy. Wo
Page 525 and 526: ecipes of great variety and creativ
Page 527 and 528: for one type of very good organic c
Page 529 and 530: for the past two years. In fact, it
Page 531 and 532: WholeSoy, Almond yogurt, and So Del
Page 533: on the wall at the front of most cl
Page 537 and 538: 425, 426, 427, 446 American Soybean
Page 539 and 540: the 1980s; Also Khmer Republic). 45
Page 541 and 542: Burgers, meatless. See Meat Alterna
Page 543 and 544: Commercial Soy Products-New Product
Page 545 and 546: Columbia Documents with More Than 2
Page 547 and 548: 879, 882, 884, 890, 903, 916, 934,
Page 549 and 550: nao Ferruzzi-Montedison (Italy). Pu
Page 551 and 552: Green Vegetable Soybeans-Etymology
Page 553 and 554: Homemade yuba. See Yuba, Homemade-H
Page 555 and 556: International Institute of Tropical
Page 557 and 558: 812, 822, 937, 1281, 1293 Kosher /
Page 559 and 560: Machinery (Agricultural), Implement
Page 561 and 562: Milk, Non-Dairy, Non-Soy Milks and
Page 563 and 564: Circus (Tony Harnett, MA), Frazier
Page 565 and 566: Olive / Olives (Olea europea). See
Page 567 and 568: Corporation (Heuvelton, New York. N
Page 569 and 570: Safety, Toxicity, or Health Benefi
Page 571 and 572: Solvents Used for Extraction of the
Page 573 and 574: Soy Proteins-Isolates, for Industri
Page 575 and 576: its Cognates / Relatives in English
Page 577 and 578: Soya Foods, Soya Newsletter, Soya I
Page 579 and 580: 865, 867, 868, 869, 870, 871, 879,
Page 581 and 582: Tempeh Industry and Market Statisti
Page 583 and 584: Tofu, Fried or Deep-Fried-Etymology
Page 585 and 586:
United States-States-Illinois. 55,
Page 587 and 588:
USSR. See Europe, Eastern-USSR Van
Page 589 and 590:
Westbrae Natural Foods, Inc. (Berke
show all

history of soy yogurt, soy acidophilus milk and other ... - SoyInfo Center

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?