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humans <strong>and</strong> most mammals. The jejunum lies between the<br />

duodenum <strong>and</strong> the ileum. Thus, as food leaves the stomach,<br />

it passes fi rst through the small intestine, <strong>and</strong> then the large<br />

intestine. In the small intestine, it passes fi rst through the<br />

very short duodenum (“twelve fi ngers wide”) <strong>and</strong> then into<br />

the jejunum.<br />

This study found that ingested lactobacilli do not<br />

implant in the upper small intestine for any length <strong>of</strong> time.<br />

Address: 1. Dep. <strong>of</strong> Microbiology, University <strong>of</strong> Natal, P.O.<br />

Box 17039, Congella 4013, South Africa.<br />

433. Soyfoods <strong>Center</strong>; Soycrafters Assoc. <strong>of</strong> North America.<br />

1981. Soyfoods Production in America <strong>and</strong> the West (News<br />

release). Lafayette, California: New-Age Foods Study<br />

<strong>Center</strong>. 1 p. April. Updated in Sept. 1981 in a neater format.<br />

• Summary: A table shows production statistics for 25<br />

types <strong>of</strong> <strong>soy</strong>foods. Number <strong>of</strong> manufacturers in the USA,<br />

Canada, Other West, Total; Tons <strong>of</strong> raw <strong>soy</strong>beans/year used<br />

by each food. Yield <strong>of</strong> food from 1 unit weight <strong>of</strong> <strong>soy</strong>beans.<br />

Wholesale value. Retail value. Number <strong>of</strong> people employed.<br />

Address: P.O. Box 234, Lafayette, California 94549.<br />

434. FIND/SVP. 1981. The t<strong>of</strong>u market: Overview <strong>of</strong> a highpotential<br />

industry. New York, NY: FIND/SVP. 140 p. May.<br />

No index. 28 cm. [34 ref]<br />

• Summary: This report, largely plagiarized from Soyfoods<br />

<strong>Center</strong> documents without permission or credit, predicted<br />

that “t<strong>of</strong>u may be the next <strong>yogurt</strong>.” The t<strong>of</strong>u market shows<br />

many parallels to the growth <strong>of</strong> the <strong>yogurt</strong> market. T<strong>of</strong>u must<br />

break away from its bl<strong>and</strong> image, like <strong>yogurt</strong> before fl avors<br />

were introduced. Sales <strong>of</strong> t<strong>of</strong>u in the U.S. are predicted to<br />

grow from their present $50 million level to $200 million by<br />

1986.<br />

Contents: Preface. 1. Executive summary. 2. T<strong>of</strong>u:<br />

History, background <strong>and</strong> defi nition. 3. Methods <strong>of</strong><br />

production. 4. U.S. <strong>soy</strong>bean supply. 5. T<strong>of</strong>u products<br />

currently on the market. 6. Current market trends. 7.<br />

Institutional markets: School lunch programs. 8. T<strong>of</strong>u<br />

<strong>and</strong> the consumer. 9. Major producers <strong>of</strong> t<strong>of</strong>u: Hinode<br />

T<strong>of</strong>u Company, Inc., Azumaya, Inc., Quong Hop, Isl<strong>and</strong><br />

Spring, Na<strong>soy</strong>a, New Engl<strong>and</strong> Soy Dairy, Swan Gardens<br />

(Miami Beach, Florida), White Wave, T<strong>of</strong>u Inc. (Roseville,<br />

Minnesota), The Soy Plant Co-op Inc., Northern Soy Inc.,<br />

American T<strong>of</strong>u Inc. (Brooklyn Park, Minnesota), Soy Shop,<br />

Lecanto T<strong>of</strong>u, Traditional T<strong>of</strong>u, Chicago T<strong>of</strong>u Company,<br />

Hashizume Food Products Co.<br />

10. T<strong>of</strong>u imports. 11. Packaging. 12. Distribution. 13.<br />

Pricing <strong>and</strong> margins. 14. Advertising <strong>and</strong> promotion. 15.<br />

Market outlook <strong>and</strong> forecasts. Appendices: A. Names <strong>and</strong><br />

addresses <strong>of</strong> major t<strong>of</strong>u producers in the U.S. B. List <strong>of</strong><br />

t<strong>of</strong>u consultants. C. Bibliography <strong>of</strong> t<strong>of</strong>u literature. D. T<strong>of</strong>u<br />

consumer survey questionnaire. E. Notes on the growth <strong>of</strong><br />

the <strong>yogurt</strong> market in the U.S.<br />

An advertisement is shown in Soyfoods magazine. 1981.<br />

HISTORY OF SOY YOGURT & CULTURED SOYMILK 179<br />

© Copyright Soyinfo <strong>Center</strong> 2012<br />

Summer. p. 11. This study sells for $695 <strong>and</strong> its companion<br />

on T<strong>of</strong>u Consumer Awareness sells for $650.<br />

Concerning the growth <strong>of</strong> the dairy <strong>yogurt</strong> market in the<br />

U.S.: Though <strong>yogurt</strong> has been sold in the U.S. since about<br />

the 1930s, it did not enter the mainstream <strong>of</strong> American food<br />

consciousness until the late 1960s <strong>and</strong> early 1970s. They<br />

key event was the introduction <strong>of</strong> fl avored <strong>yogurt</strong> varieties<br />

in 1968. Yogurt sales grew from 17 million lb in 1955 to<br />

approximately 580 million lb in 1978. In the ten years<br />

between 1968 <strong>and</strong> 1978, per capita sales <strong>of</strong> <strong>yogurt</strong> grew<br />

325%–remarkable for a product that was so slow to catch<br />

on. In 1970, according to one survey, <strong>yogurt</strong> was perceived<br />

as a “new product” with 43% <strong>of</strong> consumers having eaten the<br />

product for less than one year. Yogurt’s popularity has been<br />

attributed to changes in the American lifestyle: more health<br />

<strong>and</strong> weight conscious, faster paced, <strong>and</strong> more interested<br />

in natural foods. Yet <strong>yogurt</strong> is eaten mainly for its taste.<br />

Yogurt’s protein is digested twice as fast as that <strong>of</strong> plain<br />

cow’s <strong>milk</strong>. Only about 30% <strong>of</strong> Americans consume <strong>yogurt</strong>,<br />

<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> those that do, 26.4% consume 76.2% <strong>of</strong> all the <strong>yogurt</strong><br />

sold. The average American consumes about 3 lb <strong>of</strong> <strong>yogurt</strong><br />

per year. U.S. sales <strong>of</strong> <strong>yogurt</strong> in the USA in 1980 were about<br />

$500 million; the market is highly decentralized, with about<br />

100 manufacturers. Today <strong>yogurt</strong>, the “glamour <strong>of</strong> the dairy<br />

case,” is the fastest growing dairy product in America.<br />

Note: This is the earliest document seen (Feb. 1999)<br />

which compares the potential market for t<strong>of</strong>u with the current<br />

market for <strong>yogurt</strong>. Address: The Information Clearinghouse,<br />

500 Fifth Ave., New York NY 10110.<br />

435. Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko. 1981. History <strong>of</strong><br />

fermented <strong>soy</strong><strong>milk</strong> <strong>and</strong> its products. Soyfoods <strong>Center</strong>, P.O.<br />

Box 234, Lafayette, CA 94549. 19 p. June 28. Unpublished<br />

typescript. Available online at www.<strong>soy</strong>infocenter.com.<br />

• Summary: A comprehensive <strong>history</strong> <strong>of</strong> the subject.<br />

Contents: Introduction: Relatively recent, advantages <strong>of</strong><br />

fermentation. History <strong>of</strong> <strong>acidophilus</strong> <strong>soy</strong><strong>milk</strong> from Li Yuying<br />

<strong>and</strong> Beltzer (1910-1912). History <strong>of</strong> investigations on<br />

the growth <strong>of</strong> lactic acid bacteria in <strong>soy</strong><strong>milk</strong> from Gehrke<br />

<strong>and</strong> Weiser (1947). History <strong>of</strong> <strong>soy</strong><strong>milk</strong> <strong>yogurt</strong>. History <strong>of</strong><br />

fermented <strong>soy</strong><strong>milk</strong> cheeses. History <strong>of</strong> <strong>soy</strong><strong>milk</strong> piima <strong>and</strong><br />

viili. History <strong>of</strong> <strong>soy</strong><strong>milk</strong> kefi r, kumiss, <strong>and</strong> butter<strong>milk</strong>.<br />

Address: Lafayette, California. Phone: 415-283-2991.<br />

436. Product Name: [Midori Soy<strong>milk</strong> (Plain, S<strong>of</strong>t, with<br />

Barley Malt Syrup, or Fermented)].<br />

Foreign Name: Midori Tônyû (Sutoreeto, S<strong>of</strong>uto, Bakuga,<br />

Hakko).<br />

Manufacturer’s Name: Kyushu Nyugyo.<br />

Manufacturer’s Address: Kyushu, Japan.<br />

Date <strong>of</strong> Introduction: 1981. June.<br />

Wt/Vol., Packaging, Price: 200 ml aseptic carton.<br />

How Stored: Shelf stable; refrigerate after opening.<br />

New Product–Documentation: K. Tsuchiya. 1982. Dec.

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