World Energy Outlook 2006

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Table 9.2: Changes in Electricity-Generating Capacity Additions in the Alternative Policy Scenario*, 2005-2030 (GW) World OECD Developing Transition countries economies Decreases Coal –680 –298 –367 –15 Oil –42 –28 –14 0 Gas Increases –409 –183 –173 –54 Nuclear +103 +66 +26 +10 Hydro +58 +13 +42 +3 Biomass +28 0 +26 +2 Wind onshore +88 +26 +58 +4 Wind offshore +21 +18 +3 0 Solar photovoltaics +50 +29 +21 0 Solar thermal +7 +6 +1 0 Geothermal +2 +1 +1 0 Tidal and wave +4 +3 0 0 Net change –770 –346 –375 –50 * Compared with the Reference Scenario. Figure 9.3: Reduction in Coal-Fired Generation by Region in the Alternative Policy Scenario* OECD Europe 15% OECD Pacific 7% OECD North America 20% * Compared with the Reference Scenario. Rest of world 6% 3 789 TWh Rest of developing Asia 10% China 32% India 10% Chapter 9 - Deepening the Analysis: Results by Sector 217 © OECD/IEA, 2007 9
Nuclear power capacity rises to 519 GW in 2030, about 100 GW more than in the Reference Scenario. This is because fewer nuclear power plants are shut down over the period 2005-2030 and because more new nuclear power plants are built. Globally, the share of nuclear power in electricity generation is 14% in 2030, compared with 16% in 2004. In the OECD, the share of nuclear power in 2030 is about the same as now, at 22%. The share of nuclear power increases both in the transition economies and in the developing world (see Chapter 13). Nuclear power generating capacity in the OECD reaches 362 GW in 2030, up from 305 GW in 2004. There are substantial increases in China (50 GW of installed capacity in 2030), India (25 GW) and Russia (40 GW). 25% 20% 15% 10% Figure 9.4: Share of Nuclear Power in Electricity Generation by Region in the Alternative Policy Scenario 5% 0% World 2004 2030 OECD Transition economies Developing countries In the Alternative Policy Scenario, renewable energy plays a major role in the global electricity mix in 2030, supplying 26% of total electricity. On a regional basis, the share of hydropower and other renewables increases by ten percentage points above current levels in the OECD, by four points in developing countries and by four points in the transition economies. In the OECD, the most dramatic increase is projected for OECD Europe, where 38% of electricity is based on renewables in 2030. More hydropower plants are built than in the Reference Scenario, mostly in developing countries, where the unexploited potential is still large. The share 218 World Energy Outlook 2006 - THE ALTERNATIVE POLICY SCENARIO © OECD/IEA, 2007
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The Int
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It is possible to go further and fa
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Riccardo Quercioli, Julia Reinaud,
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Alternative Policy Scenario Tera Al
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John Mitchell Chatham House, UK Hos
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© OECD/IEA, 2007
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T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S PART
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Foreword 3 Acknowledgements 5 List
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8 9 Supply 179 Inter-Regional Trade
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13 14 Prospects for Nuclear Power 3
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List of Figures Chapter 1. Key Assu
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6.9 Impact of Carbon Value on Gener
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9.13 Growth in Road and Aviation Oi
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13.3 Shares of Nuclear Power in Ele
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Chapter 2. Global Energy Trends 2.1
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11.4 Change in Primary Energy Deman
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Chapter 3. Oil Market Outlook 3.1 C
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World Energy Outlook Series World E
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half of the increase in global prim
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Will the investment come? Meeting t
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World primary energy demand in 2030
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above $4.70 per MBtu. Nuclear power
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Larger energy savings would require
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© OECD/IEA, 2007
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would be needed (over and above tho
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© OECD/IEA, 2007
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Government Policies and Measures As
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over the projection period, as it d
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for heating, and faster improvement
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Figure 1.2: Growth in Real GDP Per
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dollars per barrel Figure 1.3: Aver
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is assumed that available end-use t
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Demand Primary Energy Mix Global pr
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een revised down and that for coal
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Mtoe 10 000 8 000 6 000 4 000 2 000
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Figure 2.4: Fuel Shares in World Fi
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Table 2.2: Net Energy Imports by Ma
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capacity for oil, gas, coal and ele
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Exploration and development Explora
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China United States Middle East Ind
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illion tonnes 25 20 15 10 5 Figure
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© OECD/IEA, 2007
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Demand 1 Primary oil 2 demand is ex
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far the largest consumer. The econo
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new field wildcats, 1996-2005 log s
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Table 3.2: World Oil Supply (millio
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the Organization of the Petroleum E
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A lack of reliable information on p
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Table 3.3: Major New Oil-Sands Proj
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mb/d Figure 3.8: Non-Conventional O
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Investment Cumulative global invest
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amounts to around $260 billion. Inv
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Environmental policies and regulati
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growth marginally, pushing demand d
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© OECD/IEA, 2007
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Demand Primary gas consumption is p
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The long-term rate of increase in G
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cm Figure 4.3: Natural Gas Producti
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Table 4.2: Inter-Regional* Natural
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Box 4.1: LNG Set to Fill the Growin
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construction of upstream and downst
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investment is incremental and where
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Demand Global coal use is projected
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Figure 5.1: Share of Power Generati
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international demand. In contrast,
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Table 5.3: Hard Coal* Net Inter-Reg
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Consolidation of the mining industr
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� Exchange rates: A drop in the v
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Electricity Demand Outlook Global e
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TWh Figure 6.3: World Incremental E
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generating capacity from 364 GW in
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The share of non-hydro renewable so
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y insufficient LNG infrastructure.
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phase-out policies require 27 GW of
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illion dollars (2005) 5 000 4 000 3
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Increasing interconnection capacity
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(in year-2005 dollars). These refor
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Figure 6.17: Population without Ele
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© OECD/IEA, 2007
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© OECD/IEA, 2007
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� Policies encouraging more effic
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the additional policies and technol
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Page 169 and 170: Table 7.1: Selected Policies Includ
Page 171 and 172: Energy Prices and Macroeconomic Ass
Page 173 and 174: lower cost than in the Reference Sc
Page 175 and 176: The reduction in the use of fossil
Page 177 and 178: global consumption of biomass is 58
Page 179 and 180: compared with 1.3% in the Reference
Page 181 and 182: production. For these reasons, we a
Page 183 and 184: mb/d Figure 7.7: Increase in Net Oi
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Page 187 and 188: Production and Trade As in the Refe
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Page 191 and 192: Notwithstanding the rates of growth
Page 193 and 194: Figure 7.14: Global Savings in CO 2
Page 195 and 196: Investment in Energy-Supply Infrast
Page 197 and 198: Investment along the Electricity Ch
Page 199 and 200: Demand-Side Investment Additional d
Page 201 and 202: Figure 8.2: Demand-Side Investment
Page 203 and 204: Supply-Side Investment In the Alter
Page 205 and 206: Table 8.3: Cumulative Oil and Gas I
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Page 209 and 210: Box 8.4: Energy Savings Programme i
Page 211 and 212: With the exception of China (where
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Page 215 and 216: Power Generation Summary of Results
Page 217: Table 9.2 shows the changes in elec
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Page 223 and 224: The Alternative Policy Scenario ass
Page 225 and 226: As oil is the principal fuel in tra
Page 227 and 228: Fuel Economy Governments intervene
Page 229 and 230: The broad categories of policy ment
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Page 233 and 234: period. The fleet grows most rapidl
Page 235 and 236: emissions alone (IPCC, 1999). Using
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Page 239 and 240: energy-intensive processes in both
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Page 243 and 244: Almost all of the 21 Mtoe savings i
Page 245 and 246: which have much lower equipment own
Page 247 and 248: Policy Overview Policies taken into
Page 249 and 250: � Utility energy efficiency schem
Page 251 and 252: � Four-fifths of the energy and e
Page 253 and 254: Table 10.1: Most Effective Policies
Page 255 and 256: These examples reflect differences
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Page 259 and 260: Gt of CO 2 Figure 10.2: Reduction i
Page 261 and 262: � Introduction of CO2 capture and
Page 263 and 264: Implications for Energy Security Th
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© OECD/IEA, 2007
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Introduction Since the first oil sh
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y about 60% of the increase in the
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second-largest consumer of gas - ga
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Figure 11.5: Change in Real Energy
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OECD, but remain large in some non-
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Figure 11.7: Economic Value of Ener
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Impact of Higher Energy Prices on D
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Figure 11.8: Increase in World Prim
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complicated by the role played by o
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crude oil price elasticity of fuel
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higher oil prices. Exceptional fact
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2004. It is projected to increase f
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to drive prices up. Demand appears
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on the results of our assessment of
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countries, a price increase directl
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toe per thousand dollars of GDP* 0.
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to examine the issue, reflecting th
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Table 11.5: IMF Analysis of the Mac
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actually did since 2002. 17 The ave
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0.9 percentage points higher in 200
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Most OECD countries have experience
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developing countries has risen by 4
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$0.2 trillion (see Chapter 8). The
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� The five years to 2010 will see
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spending of the 40 companies, accor
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downstream activities, including GT
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illion dollars Figure 12.4: Investm
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Table 12.2: Sanctioned and Planned
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While most upstream investment cont
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increasing by as much as 100% for a
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Figure 12.11: Availability of Petro
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and Africa account for 70% of total
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mb/d Figure 12.14: Cumulative Addit
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Figure 12.15: World Oil Refinery In
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Table 12.3: Natural Gas Liquefactio
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approved by the US Maritime Adminis
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The prospects for investment and pr
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Current Status of Nuclear Power Ren
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Nuclear Power Today Nuclear power p
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Table 13.2: The Ten Largest Nuclear
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Figure 13.3: Shares of Nuclear Powe
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Operating Licence (COL). The Energy
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Table 13.6: Main Policies Related t
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Lithuania and Bulgaria are consider
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Table 13.7: Examples of High-Level
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Outlook for Nuclear Power In the Re
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Table 13.8: Nuclear Capacity and Sh
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light-water reactors (VVER) in two
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assumptions used throughout the Out
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OECD price in 2005 and within the a
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increase in generating cost Figure
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estimates. Approximately three-quar
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disposal or reprocessing followed b
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associated with nuclear power. Expe
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Figure 13.13: Identified Uranium Re
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nuclear fuels in the long term, tho
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Figure 13.16: Uranium Oxide (U 3 O
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proliferation arising from civil nu
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Current Status of Biofuels Producti
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Czech Republic Ethanol Figure 14.1:
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Mtoe 20 16 12 8 4 0 } 95% growth 20
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equires estimates of, or assumption
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Prospects for Biofuels Production a
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32% 28% 24% 20% 16% 12% 8% 4% 0% Fi
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Table 14.3: Summary of Current Gove
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Regional Trends Brazil Biofuels con
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Table 14.4: US Biofuels Production
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EU biofuels production and use have
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Figure 14.7: Biofuel Production Cos
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$0.50/litre in the United States (b
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Table 14.5: Performance Characteris
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for supplying biomass residues woul
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200 EJ (4 800 Mtoe) of biomass prod
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in the Alternative Policy Scenario
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CHAPTER 15 ENERGY FOR COOKING IN DE
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charcoal generates significant empl
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Figure 15.1: Share of Traditional B
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1.3 million people) are due to biom
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The effects of exposure to indoor a
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Figure 15.5: Woodfuel Supply and De
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poverty (MDG 1) and can play a crit
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Improving the Way Biomass is Used F
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In view of their ability to reduce
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Implications for Oil Demand LPG is
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50% target 2015-2030 100% provision
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The trend worldwide is towards remo
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Box 15.3: The Role of Microfinance
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The benefit/cost ratio of governmen
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$46 billion in the power sector, bu
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Administration has increased public
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Brazil’s rate of population growt
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Outlook for Energy Demand Brazil’
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domestic oil production and increas
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Industrial energy demand grows by 1
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Table 16.5: Main Policies and Progr
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southeast regions of Brazil, which
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into the Reference Scenario. End-us
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Figure 16.8: Oil and Gas Fields and
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Table 16.8: Brazil’s Oil Producti
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Figure 16.10: Brazil’s Crude Oil
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Production and Imports Gas producti
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unit would be located off the coast
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This trend is bolstered by strong g
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Figure 16.13: Planned Infrastructur
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The construction of very large hydr
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Box 16.5: Prospects for Renewable E
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stronger policies to connect bagass
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Investment The cumulative amount of
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ANNEXES © OECD/IEA, 2007
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ANNEX A TABLES FOR REFERENCE AND AL
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Reference Scenario: World Electrici
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Reference Scenario: OECD Electricit
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Reference Scenario: OECD North Amer
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Reference Scenario: United States E
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Reference Scenario: OECD Pacific El
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Reference Scenario: Japan Electrici
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Reference Scenario: OECD Europe Ele
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Reference Scenario: European Union
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Reference Scenario: Transition Econ
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Reference Scenario: Russia Electric
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Reference Scenario: Developing Coun
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Reference Scenario: Developing Asia
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Reference Scenario: China Electrici
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Reference Scenario: India Electrici
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Reference Scenario: Latin America E
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Reference Scenario: Brazil Electric
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Reference Scenario: Middle East Ele
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Reference Scenario: Africa Electric
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Alternative Policy Scenario: World
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Alternative Policy Scenario: OECD E
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Alternative Policy Scenario: OECD N
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Alternative Policy Scenario: United
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Alternative Policy Scenario: OECD P
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Alternative Policy Scenario: Japan
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Alternative Policy Scenario: OECD E
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Alternative Policy Scenario: Europe
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Alternative Policy Scenario: Transi
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Alternative Policy Scenario: Russia
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Alternative Policy Scenario: Develo
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Alternative Policy Scenario: Develo
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Alternative Policy Scenario: China
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Alternative Policy Scenario: India
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Alternative Policy Scenario: Latin
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Alternative Policy Scenario: Brazil
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Alternative Policy Scenario: Middle
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Alternative Policy Scenario: Africa
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ANNEX B ELECTRICITY ACCESS In a con
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Table B1: Electricity Access in 200
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Annex C - Abbreviations and Definit
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Dimethyl Ether (DME) Clear, odourle
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Ligno-Cellulosic Technology Process
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China China refers to the People’
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APS Alternative Policy Scenario BAP
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RS Reference Scenario TFC total fin
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Annex E - References ANNEX E REFERE
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CHAPTER 7: Mapping a New Energy Fut
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Gielen, D. (2006), Energy Efficienc
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International Energy Agency (IEA)/U
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CHAPTER 14: The Outlook for Biofuel
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REN21 Renewable Energy Policy Netwo
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The Online Bookshop International E
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IEA PUBLICATIONS, 9, rue de la Féd
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