D-A-CH TAGUNG 2011 - SGEB

Type of construction, theirnumber NConcrete moment,1-3 stories, N=2064Steel braced frame,4-7 stories, N=2783Frame with shear wall,more than 8 stories,N=631Median PGA (g) for damage statesSlight Moderate Extensive CompleteBuildings, Liao et al. [45]Replacementcost, Mln$0.33 0.53 0.65 0.71 0.50.30 0.53 0.71 0.83 1.00.33 0.53 0.73 0.85 2.0Deviation, 0.50 0.43 0.40 0.40Type 4, multiple-span,simply supported superstructure,pier wall, N=3Type 6, multiple-span,continuous super-structure,multiple column belt, N=2Bridges, Liao and Loh [50]0.20 0.30 0.38 0.500.23 0.38 0.53 0.70Deviation, 0.50 0.43 0.40 0.40Table 2. Parameters of fragility curves for constructions, as considered in this study.As has been noted in Ref. [37], the development of damage-loss functions for various typesof structures is a demanding task. Such conversions have been performed in some of the abovementionedstudies using the regional damage ratio models based either on (a) ModifiedMercalli intensities that were calculated directly [14] or estimated from the PGA values [35] oron (b) pseudo-spectral acceleration [12, 37]. In our study, the conversion of damage tomonetary loss was performed using Equation 9. The cost ratios of loss to rebuilding for eachdamage state were adopted from HAZUS, with 0.02 for slight damage, 0.1 for moderatedamage, 0.5 for extensive damage and 1.0 for complete damage. Crowley et al. [47] discussedthe sensitivity of the losses to variations of damage-loss conversion by applying another set ofcost ratios: 0.15 for slight damage, 0.3 for moderate damage, and 1.0 for both complete andextensive damage. We applied both sets in our analyses, and the variants of the damage-lossconversion are called DLC1 and DLC2, respectively.For a given ground motion amplitude generated for a cell, a single value of expected directloss EDL i,j was estimated for every building. The loss values, which had been estimated for allbuildings within a particular cell, were summarised to obtain a cell-specific loss. Then, a singletotal loss amount for a given generation of the ground motion distribution was obtained as thesum of losses from all cells,LOSSN C N Bi1 j1EDL i, (11)where N B is the number of buildings within the cell j, and N C is the total number of cells.The generated set of total loss values (10,000 generations) is used for the estimation of theProbability Density Function (PDF) and Cumulative Probability Function (CPF) and theanalysis of the parameters of loss distribution. In this study, we did not take into account thestructure-to-structure loss correlation of damage (e.g., Bazzurro and Luco [49]; Lee andKiremidjian [34]) and the uncertainty of replacement costs (e.g., Porter et al. [48])., j11165