Untitled

contracts. Such statements insure management
rights to control types of products and services
made or delivered, how tourism supervision is
carried out and what kinds of discipline are used
and how they are carried out. Unions, on the other
hand, typically want just cause issues outlined in
contracts, to establish limitations to management
rights to discipline or discharge employees. Included
in the list of non-economic issues important
to both union and management are items such as
quality of work life issues, union security, work
rules, size of work crew, types of work that can and
cannot be done by various employee groups, and
grievance procedures.
Different types of bargaining may occur during
negotiations. Distributive bargaining occurs when
management and the union are in conflict with
one another over a major issue. When this occurs,
each side will likely present a proposal in which one
side is a loser and the other a winner. This type is
called a zero sum proposal, because there is always
one winner and one loser. Disagreement over
wages paid to tourism guides provides a good
example of this type of disagreement. Integrative
bargaining occurs when the two sides are not
necessarily in conflict over an issue. For instance,
quality of work life issues often result in integrative
bargaining because both sides have something to
gain from the resulting decision. Instead, this type
of issue calls for more collaborative bargaining.
Mediation and arbitration are both means of
using third parties to help unions and management
to reach agreement during collective bargaining
negotiations. Differences between them are primarily
in the amount of power given the third
party. Both require the voluntary support of unions
and management, except in cases of court ordered
mediation or arbitration. A mediator is a third
party who attempts to get both sides to reach an
agreement. Mediators may make recommendations
but cannot enforce agreement while arbitrators
have the power to force agreements.
Arbitrators generally review all of the information
available from both sides and dictate an agreement
which they view as near the middle ground.
Arbitration has been criticised because in many
cases both sides will take the most extreme
positions prior to arbitration in order to gain as
much as possible. This problem can be avoided by
using final offer arbitration in which an arbitrator
must choose one offer or the other. Unlike regular
arbitration, final offer arbitration tends to bring the
two sides closer together. As a result of this
movement toward the centre, agreement is often
reached without the use of an arbitrator.
Colombia
Colombia 89
ROBERT H. WOODS, USA
Colombia, the only country whose name relates to
Christopher Columbus, is located in the north
region of South America, with coasts on both
Pacific Ocean and Caribbean. The San Andres
and Providencia Islands, physically opposite the
Costa Rican coast, are also part of its territory. The
Pan-American Highway, running all along the
Pacific coast of South America, is interrupted at the
Darien jungle on the north border of Colombia
with Panama.
Along with climatic diversity, historic and
cultural assets are the most important potentialities
used to attract international tourism. The
Spanish colonial heritage has left walled fortress
cities like Cartagena de Indias and small treasures
like Villa the Leyva, among others. Coffee, once
the axis of the economy, provides an opportunity
to experience a taste of Colombian hospitality,
by following the `Rutas Cafeteras' and staying
at `haciendas' all along the areas where coffee is
still grown today. Folklore is rich, and handicrafts
and local products are available all over the
country. The main popular musical themes, the
rhythms of `La Cumbia' and `El Ballenato', are
integrated in local and national festivals and
tourism products.
In recent years there has been a negative image
attached to the name `Colombia', affecting directly
the opportunities of the country for a greater
tourism market share. Ecotourism has been
discouraged by the implicit risk posed by guerrilla
groups or drug barons in some areas. However, the
reality suggests differently. Ecuador, Panama and
Venezuela have poor access connections and
economies unable to supply an important flow of
visitors. Moreover, they have somewhat similar
attractions. A new tourism law has been approved