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602 Travel and Tourism Research Association
issue also contains a database on the structure of
and recent changes in the tourism industry in key
countries. First published in 1986, it appears six
times a year, published by Travel and Tourism
Intelligence �ISSN 0269±3755).
RENE BARETJE, FRANCE
Travel and Tourism Research
Association
The Travel and Tourism Research Association is
an international association of tourism research
and marketing professionals. With 800 members,
the TTRA is one of the largest organisations in this
field. Its members come from the accommodation,
airline, attraction, transportation,
media, advertising, government and education
sectors. Its mission is to be the global leader in
advocating standards and promoting the application
of high-quality research; to serve as an
international forum for the exchange of ideas and
information; to encourage professional development;
to facilitate global cooperation between
producers and users; to promote and disseminate
research findings; and to foster the development of
curricula.
TTRA has chapters in Europe, Canada, Florida,
Texas, the central states, the mountain states,
the western states, the Southeast, the south central
states, Hawaii and Washington DC. The association
contributes to the publication of Journal of
Travel Research, and publishes the TTRA
Newsletter, annual conference proceedings and
other special publications. It has an extensive
awards programme that recognises excellence and
encourages professional development of researchers,
marketers, planners and students involved in
tourism. Its headquarter office is located in Boise,
Idaho in the USA.
travel cost method
CHARLES R. GOELDNER, USA
The travel cost method imputes the exchange
value of public facilities that have subsidised
admission, such as parks, from the cost of travel
to reach them. Key issues include deciding which
costs to include and how to measure them
accurately. The method is the primary alternative
to contingent valuation.
STEPHEN SMITH, CANADA
Travel Industry Association of
America
The Travel Industry Association of America is a
non-profit organisation representing both public
and private sector components of the US tourism
industry. It has 2,300 members. Its goal is to
promote and facilitate travel to and within the
United States by taking a leadership role in
marketing, governmental policy, research and
analysis, and public education. TTIA publications
include statistical reports and traveller profiles. Its
headquarters is located in Washington, DC.
travel literature
JONI E. BAKER, USA
There is no clear classification of the field of travel
literature. It can range from the purely factual
information of a guidebook to a space odyssey in
science fiction. The literature which encompasses
the world of travel is substantial, and stretches far
back in the historical record of many societies.
Recording it, reading about the travel of others and
supplying information for travellers, has been an
enduring practice. Furthermore, the perennial
fascination with the journey as both an action
and symbol of life, has led to the literature
influencing other literacy forms such as the novel
and wider areas of human thought and ideas.
In terms of content, the guidebook is at one end
of the spectrum of this literature. Produced to assist
potential tourists on their journey, forms of guidebook
existed in the ancient world, such as
Pausanias's Guidebook of Greece �c.ad 160±180).
During medieval times, the religious pilgrimage
within Europe and to the Holy Land spawned a
series of guidebooks. From the sixteenth century,
the expansion of secular tourism and trade
combined with the spread of printing stimulated