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central elements are sights, sites, objects, events
and other phenomena.
Once, many publications referred to `the tourist'
in ways implying that all tourists behave similarly
�`Xanadu has much to offer the tourist'). This
stereotype has been progressively abandoned.
Diversity is now reflected in typologies, in acknowledgement
of various purposes of trips, and in
touristic categories such as adventure, cultural,
pleasure, business, domestic and so on. Further
diversity occurs in the degree to which different
tourists depend on services and goods supplied by
tourism industries. Highly dependent tourists are
consumers relevant for business marketing, while
independent or self-sufficient tourism occurs
beyond or at the fringes of markets served by those
industries. Meanwhile the complex and heterogeneous
nature of tourists' behaviour can be
explored using many social science and business
disciplines or concepts, such as anthropology,
behaviour, anomie, attitude, escape, experience,
fantasy, management, marketing, psychographics,
psychology, regression, selfactualisation
and sociology.
References
World Tourism Organization �1997) Recommendations
on Tourism Statistics, Madrid: WTO. �Sets out
current UN-endorsed technical definitions relating
to tourism, as a guide to statistics.)
Further reading
Leiper, N. �1995) Tourism Management, Melbourne:
RMIT Press. �Chapters 1±3 discuss meanings of
tourist, sociological and psychological insights to
roles, images and behaviour.)
tourist as child
NEIL LEIPER, AUSTRALIA
The term `tourist as child' refers to the personality
state of illusory freedom and happiness, into
which tourists are cast by the industry in order to
reduce the otherwise harsh effects of the need to
control them. Appeals are thus made to the ego's
desire for unlimited pleasure through messages
which take tourists back to the sun and fun of
childhood.
See also: liminality; ludic; rites of passage
GRAHAM M.S. DANN, UK
tourist culture see culture, tourism
Tourist Review, The
Revue de Tourisme ± The Tourist Review ± Zeitschrift fuÈr
Fremdenverkehr is the official journal of the Association
Internationale d'Experts Scientifiques du
Tourisme, with contributions published in English,
French and German. It covers contemporary
theoretical and practical issues on tourism and
related fields, including academics, practising
managers, consultants, politicians and students. It
features full-length articles, reports, reviews, and
news about the Association. First appearing in
1946, it is published quarterly by the Association
Internationale d'Experts Scientifiques du Tourisme
�ISSN 0251±3102).
tourist, recreational
RENE BARETJE, FRANCE
Recreational tourists are those who visit a
destination primarily for purposes of recreation.
This distinguishes them from those who
travel for purposes of business, attending conferences,
sporting events, or visiting friends and
relatives. The recreational purpose may be
`playful' or serious, because the word recreation
can be used in the sense of relaxing amusement or
to restore or re-create, a notion which comes very
close to that of pleasure tourist.
tourist space
tourist space 591
CHRIS RYAN, NEW ZEALAND
A physically or socially demarcated area arranged
for touristic visits is known as tourist space. The