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338 joint venture
added together are similar and involve the same
skills and abilities. Adding similar tasks in this way
is also sometimes referred to as horizontal/
expansion of a job. In this case, horizontal refers
to the fact that the jobs require the same or similar
skills and abilities. The problem with job enlargement
is that it does not necessarily lead to
satisfaction on the part of the employee.
Job rotation is often used to alleviate some of the
boredom that employees see in performing the
same job over and over. Under this system a hotel
employee, for example, would only do this job for a
specific period of time. After this time period the
employee would be rotated to another hotel
department with different job responsibilities. This
type of system requires cross training of employees
in several different areas. Job enrichment involves
vertical expansion of a job by adding responsibilities
that are not extremely similar to the tasks
already performed. As such, enlargement, rotation
and enrichment ± the key considerations in job
design ± are the content and context of the work.
Each of the approaches is used to affect these two
issues in some way.
joint venture
ROBERT H. WOODS, USA
A joint venture is a form of strategic alliance or cooperative
arrangement where ownership is shared
and a separate enterprise formed. This may
strengthen existing businesses through shared
expertise, capital, removal of competition and
creation of economies of scale. International
tourism joint ventures between foreign organisations
and local partners facilitate introduction of
foreign products into local markets.
See also: foreign investment; multinational firm
CHRISTINEL.H.LEE,AUSTRALIA
Journal of Applied Recreation
Research
The Journal of Applied Recreation Research is devoted to
applied research on a wide array of topics
concerning recreation and leisure. Of interest
to both academic researchers and practitioners, the
journal emphasises the practical implications of
empirical and conceptual recreation and leisure
research. All manuscripts, refereed anonymously
by three reviewers, must be original research and
must not have been submitted for simultaneous
review elsewhere. Open to contributors from
Canada and abroad, the journal publishes manuscripts
in English and in French. It first appeared in
1996, and is published quarterly by Wilfrid Laurier
University Press �ISSN 0843±9117).
RENE BARETJE, FRANCE
Journal of Gambling Studies
The Journal of Gambling Studies is an interdisciplinary
forum for the dissemination of information on the
many aspects of gambling behaviour, both
controlled and pathological as well as a variety of
problems attendant to or resultant from gambling,
including alcoholism, suicide and crime. The
journal also publishes articles dealing with public
policy, social and economic impact analysis, and
the operation and regulation of commercial
gaming industries. Its articles are representative
of a cross-section of disciplines including psychiatry,
psychology, sociology, political science,
criminology, economics and social work, and
are of interest to the professional and layperson
alike. The journal uses a double-blind refereeing
process. First published in 1985, initially as the
Journal of Gambling Behaviour, it appears quarterly,
published by Kluwer Academic/Human Sciences
Press �ISSN 1050±5350).
WILLIAM R. EADINGTON, USA
Journal of Hospitality and
Leisure Marketing
The Journal of Hospitality and Leisure Marketing
examines relationships between hospitality and
leisure, with special attention paid to innovations
in applied marketing for both academicians and
industry leaders in these fields. The journal
publishes contributions written from a variety of