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and procedures, project design and management,
technical services, training and management
development. However, the rate of growth in the
number of independent hotel management companies
is increasing; these include groups that do
not have their own international brand and
reservations systems and who operate hotels for a
variety of owners.
The owner usually seeks an effective return, the
contractor an effective earnings stream. Typically,
the fee structure is in two parts: a base fee of
around 3 per cent of hotel turnover and an
achievement fee of around 10 per cent of gross
operating profit or earnings before debt, interest
and tax. Economic changes impacting upon the
hotel industry, accelerated competition amongst
operators worldwide and greater performance
demands by owners and lenders are leading to
adjustments in contract provisions and increased
owner bargaining strength.
Further reading
Sangree, D.J. and Hathaway, P.P. �1996) `Trends in
hotel management contracts', The Cornell Hotel
and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, October:
26±37. �Discusses how a 1996 survey finds a
vastly different landscape for hotel management
contracts compared to the 1980s.)
Managing Leisure
ANGELA ROPER, UK
To inform and stimulate discussions relevant to
leisure management, Managing Leisure:An International
Journal publishes articles, book reviews, and
research notes and conference reports dealing with
this theme. It is designed to appeal to academics,
practising managers, consultants, politicians and
students. Its broad scope accommodates coverage
of arts, media, countryside heritage, hospitality,
sport �see also sport, recreational), tourism,
management, human resource development,
facility and amenity management and the
like. First appearing in 1996, the journal is
published quarterly by Chapman and Hall �ISSN
1360±6719).
manpower development
RENE BARETJE, FRANCE
Manpower development is an umbrella term which
is used to cover a number of activities, including
education, training, staff development and
human resource development. At both macro
�national) and micro �individual firm) levels, manpower
development relates to policies and
practice designed to enhance the skill base of the
tourism industry to enable it to meet the expectations
of all stakeholders.
map
map 371
TOM BAUM, UK
Maps are used in tourism advertising at the pretrip
stage as a complement to the invitation to
travel, and during the visit as a zoning device for
itineraries and tours. Unlike the maps found in
atlases, which are purely informational in content,
the cartography of brochures, pamphlets and
guidebooks is additionally a medium of social
control. For instance, tourists are encouraged to
sightsee designated attraction spots, while leaving
out others which have been significantly omitted.
Similarly, locations where there is a tour operator
hotel presence are included, whereas rival resorts
of equal or greater host society importance
may not even feature. For example, in Japanese
domestic tourism �where such maps have been
produced for the last 350 years), not only are
meibutsu �famous things) highlighted, but so also are
items which the tourist has a duty to bring back in
the form of omiyaje �presents).
Although the study of maps is under-researched
in tourism, several characteristics are worthy of
note and further investigation, including the use of
colour and its attempt to mould client expectation
�coating former colonies in pink in British
publicity, for instance, may conjure up images of
Empire); the apparent disregard of political
realities �such as the `Turkish question' in maps of