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96 community development
Understanding and Managing the Tourist-Community
Relationships, London: Elsevier.
GLENN F. ROSS, AUSTRALIA
community development
Community development is a process of economic
and social progress based on local initiatives.
Tourism development can result in community
problems, but its planning and development can
potentially contribute by fostering awareness of
issues and opportunities, empowering citizens to
make decisions, training residents for leadership
positions, providing more and better community
facilities and services, and facilitating
stronger local institutions and feelings of interdependence.
community planning
DONALD GETZ, CANADA
Community planning refers to planning which
takes place at a local level, usually with considerable
input from local residents through public
participation. In this way, goals for the community
which are likely to receive widespread
local support are identified and means to achieve
them are determined. This orientation views
tourism potential as a local resource which should
be developed primarily for the benefit of the local
host. It requires the redirection of planning from a
purely business or narrow economic development
approach, to a more open one which focuses
upon the enhancement of resident lifestyles and
opportunities. The approach involves focusing
upon the ecological and human qualities of a
destination area in addition to business considerations
and care in the integration of tourism
with other land uses and activities. The common
good is the criterion upon which the performance
of the tourism industry is judged as opposed to
financial criteria alone. Thus, in essence, community
planning requires that communities take
control of the process, set their own goals,
determine what they wish to present to the tourism
market, and plan accordingly.
Further reading
Murphy, P. �1985) Tourism:A Community Approach,
New York and London: Methuen. �A comprehensive
discussion of tourism planning from a community
perspective.)
community recreation
GEOFFREY WALL, CANADA
Community recreation is derived from the facilities
and services of local parks and recreation
agencies, aimed at meeting residents' needs.
Tourists are sometimes targeted as an additional
user group so as to generate revenue. Community
recreation facilities are often used as venues for
special events with tourist appeal, while the hosting
of events can help justify new facilities. Resident±
tourist conflicts can arise over accessibility and
differential pricing.
comparative advantage
DONALD GETZ, CANADA
The term `comparative advantage' refers to the
advantage possessed by a country that is engaged
in the international exchange of goods and services
and is able to produce a given good or tourism
service at a lower resource input cost than other
countries or destinations. Comparative advantage
arises because the marginal opportunity costs of
one good or service in terms of the other�s) differ
among them. The most frequently used explanation
of comparative advantage in international
trade is the Heckscher±Ohlin factor proportion
theory, which is based on differences in factor
endowments among countries. The Heckscher±
Ohlin model ignores demand and can be used
with caution to explain the intersectoral exchange
between industrial goods and services. The provision
of tourism services is relatively labourintensive.
The factors are measured in terms of
flows such as capital depreciation and working
hours. In the industrialised countries, the capital±
labour ratio is generally higher than in developing
countries. The result is that the former nations