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Linked to this evolution, host communities' changing
perceptions of tourism and tourists are
represented by the euphoria±antagonism
continuum model, a continuous process whereby
host's attitudes become increasingly less favourable
as tourism develops.
However, it is within the context of tourist
typologies that continuum models are most
commonly utilised �see typology, tourist). For
example, in order to explain and predict tourist
behaviour and potential destination choice, Plog
developed his psychographic continuum model
whereby tourists are classified according to
characteristics and behavioural patterns ranging
from psychocentrics to allocentrics. Many other
typologies or classifications similarly fall within a
continuum framework. These generally range
from the institutionalised or charter mass tourist
to the independent explorer or traveller. Importantly,
these models are either implicitly or
explicitly informed by Cohen's �1972)
familiarity±strangerhood continuum which suggests
that tourists are more or less able to escape
from their `environmental bubble' and, hence,
seek either novel or familiar surroundings and
experiences. The familiarity±strangerhood model
is also linked to the relationship between tourists
and their own society �see alienation; anomie),
which in turn determines the experiences that
tourists seek.
References
Butler, R. �1980) `The concept of a tourism area
cycle of evolution', Canadian Geographer 24: 5±12.
Cohen, E. �1972) `Towards a sociology of international
tourism', Social Research 39�1): 64±82.
Plog, S. �1973) `Why destination areas rise and fall
in popularity', Cornell Quarterly November: 13±
16.
Contours
RICHARD SHARPLEY, UK
The journal Contours focuses on tourism and its
effect on the lives of people, encourages an
awareness of the role of tourism in the developing
process, provides the opportunity for people
affected by tourism to express their views,
denounces unfair practices in tourism, stimulates
research and action for more justice in tourism,
and intends to empower indigenous communities
to get a fair price for their exposure. Contours
reprints articles from newspapers/newsletters and
journals which are difficult to access in other
regions in the world, and encourages its readers to
send articles and news from their countries or
regions. First published in 1982, it appears
quarterly, published by the Ecumenical Coalition
on Third World Tourism �ISBN 0857 491X).
RENE BARETJE, FRANCE
contract food service see food service, contract
control system
control system 109
Hospitality and tourism operations develop control
systems in order to safeguard the assets,
provide accurate and reliable accounting data,
measure operational efficiency and ensure adherence
to managerial policies. Safeguard the assets
refers to the protection of assets from loss, waste,
spoilage and effective utilisation of equipment,
while accurate and reliable accounting data refers
to the checks and balances in an accounting
system. Additionally, operational efficiency attempts
to minimise costs while providing services
and product. Further, adhering to management
policies refers to the organisation having standard
operating procedures and management ensuring
that employees follow given procedures. The
objectives of a control system can be implemented
if the system reflects specific characteristics
including leadership, structure, sound practice,
personnel, segregation of duties, authorisation
procedures, adequate records, procedure manuals,
physical controls, internal reports and independent
checks.
Leadership identifies management as responsible
for internal control systems. Management
communicates and enforces policies. Each organisation
should have organisational charts which
delineate the chain of command. Additionally,