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tourism studies owes most to the writings on
contemporary mythologies by Roland Barthes �see
connotation).
substitution
TOM SELWYN, UK
Substitution typically implies that for a pair of
`things' �such as x and y) that replace each other,
there exists a measure specifying an individual's
willingness to interchange x with y, or a measure
giving the degree to which an aggregate �like
population) is `willing' to interchange x with y. For
instance, x and y may be different trips, activities,
accommodation types and/or quality; the
choice may involve choosing a weekend trip or
concert; a cruise or tour, and a 5-star or 4-star
hotel.
Substitution has many different meanings. For
individuals, various correlation measures used
confuse substitution with complementarity �doing
x to some degree results in y) or preferences �doing
x and y meet different needs). Much of what is
written is not quantitative. `Perfect' substitution or
interchangeability, whether referring to �x,y) or �y,x)
does not matter, is implicit in much of what is
written �Wyman 1982). When substitution is used
in relation to regression models, other than
individual conjoint models, for example, substitution
is an aggregate concept. Properties of the
aggregate are often, without justification, ascribed
to each individual. Aggregate substitution recognises
such trade-offs as price or location, and
considers consequences of forced substitution.
Trade-offs identified need not imply individuals'
willingness to substitute.
Aggregate substitution measures may reflect
displacement from activities, facilities/services
or adaptation to change. User conflict or
resource conflict can relate to change processes
involving substitution, but more often displacement
should be considered. Substitution at the
segment or individual level need not show up in
factors, regression coefficients or other population
level measures. Aggregation masking substitution is
expected with segments with conflicting preferences.
It is recognised that substitution is important
in forecasting change or assessing the consequences
of change. However, studying supply change,
changing spatial interaction of populations,
changing individual preferences and the like can
yield valid information about apparent substitution.
The existence of constraints and non-homogeneous
supply can also lead to an incorrect
impression about substitution occurring. Nonsubstitution
factors must be controlled and factored
out for results to be valid.
References
Wyman, M. �1982) `Substitutability of recreation
experience', Leisure Studies 1�3): 277±93.
Further reading
Anderson, D. and Brown, P. �1984) `The displacement
process in recreation', Journal of Leisure
Research 16�1): 61±73.
Beaman, J. �1975) `Comments on the paper ``The
substitutability concept: implications for recreation
research and management'', By Hendee
and Burdge', Journal of Leisure Research 7�2): 146±
52.
Brunson, M. and Shelby, B. �1993) `Recreation
substitutability: a research agenda', Leisure
Sciences 15�1): 67±74.
summer cottage
JAY BEAMAN, CANADA
A summer cottage is a second home used on a
seasonal basis usually during the summer, particularly
common in North America and Scandinavia.
These properties may be user-owned or rented on
a short-term basis. Many summer cottages have
been converted to year-round leisure use or
permanent residences, frequently as retirement
homes. Generally found in high amenity settings,
often on waterfront locations, they range in scale
from shacks to mansions.
See also: seasonality
summer cottage 563
RICHARD BUTLER, UK