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Burnout Inventory Manual, 2nd edn, Palo Alto, CA:
Consulting Psychological Press.
bushwalking
ABRAHAM PIZAM, USA
Bushwalking is a form of active outdoor recreation
involving walking along tracks or trails in
forested or treed landscapes. While often a
secondary tourist activity, bushwalking may be a
pivotal activity supporting adventure tourism,
nature tourism and ecotourism. While most
often confined to short walks, in its longer forms
bushwalking may represent a special form of
tourism requiring camping and other accommodation
�see trekking).
business format
DAVID G. SIMMONS, NEW ZEALAND
Multi-unit organisations in tourism may expand on
the basis of one or more business formats,
including full ownership and operation via acquisitions
or mergers, joint ventures, leasehold
agreements, management contracts, franchises,
consortia or strategic alliance formats. Each
has implications for the organisational and
operational tie between units and organisations.
Formats chosen depend upon whether the business
is cash flow-based or asset-based.
ANGELA ROPER, UK
business tourist see business travel; convention
business; market segmentation; tourist
business travel
Business travel, a tourism market segment, is a
term used to describe all non-discretionary trips
which occur either explicitly for the purpose of
engaging in work, or incidentally in the course of
conducting work-related activities. It includes
travel associated with everyday business operations
as well as travel for corporate or organisation-based
meetings, conventions and congresses. Incentive
travel, in which firms use trips to reward topperforming
employees, is also generally included
under this heading.
Business travel, by its very nature, may involve
last-minute booking and frequent changes or
cancellations. Because the cost is generally covered
by the company or organisation rather than the
individual, price may play a less important role
than for pleasure trips. This does not mean that
businesses have little interest in managing their
travel expenses. Companies, governments and
other organisations are increasingly taking steps
to control costs through expense claims, and by
negotiation of preferred supplier arrangements
with specific airlines and hotel chains.
Business trips are different from pleasure holidays
in several other respects. The preferred
destinations for the former are generally cities
rather than resorts. As a consequence, regions
with well-developed industrial or service economies
tend to attract the highest volumes of business
travel. Such trips tend to be considerably less
seasonal and more concentrated in mid-week, with
transportation occurring during mornings and
evenings to maximise time at the destination
during business hours. Thus, hotels that cater to
this market face important challenges resulting
from spare weekend capacity.
Because of their professional status, business
travellers are generally well-educated and affluent.
These characteristics make them desirable targets
for suppliers of the pleasure sector, who encourage
them to take vacation time at the destination
several days before or after the meeting or
conference. Persons travelling on business may
also choose to bring their spouse, or may return to
the meeting site for pleasure at a later date.
Further reading
business travel 63
Cleverdon, R. and O'Brien, K. �1988) International
Business Travel 1988, London: Economist Intelligence
Unit.
ROBIN J.B. RITCHIE, CANADA