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650 Index role of tourism 250, 452 see also developing country economic impact 298 economic leakage see leakage economic multiplier see multiplier effect economics 161±3 and community attitude 94 balance of payments 48±50 centrally planned economy 75±6 comparative advantage 96±7 competitive advantage 98±9 competitiveness 99±100 demand 136±7 dependency theory 142±3 ecological 163±4 foreign exchange 235±7 globalisation 254±6 industry 305±6 input±output analysis 310±12 investment 330±1 market 373±4 multiplier effect 255, 298, 310±11, 398±400 of conservation 103 of tourism 24, 67, 367, 383 domestic 158 international 324 productivity 464±5 resources 506±7 satellite account 519 supply 564±5 Tourism Economics 586 uniform system of accounting 610±11 see also political economy economies of scale 164±5 economy informal 307 leakages 351 of Greece 263 of Hungary 291 of Mexico 389 performance indicators 433 role of handicrafts 271 role of tourism 529 see also political economy ecoresort 165 ecosystem see environment; planning, environmental ecotourism 20, 29, 54, 103, 165±6, 181, 237, 409, 506 and exploration 217 in Australia 41 in Chile 77 in Costa Rica 117 in Denmark 142 in Israel 332 in national parks 407 in Portugal 455 see also bushwalking; green tourism Ecotourism Association of Australia 86 Ecotourism Society 86, 166 ECTWT see Ecumenical Coalition on Third World Tourism Ecuador 166 Ecumenical Coalition on Third World Tourism 166, 430, 452, 507, 531 Edgell, David L. Sr 604±5, 613±15, 624±5 education 166±9, 629 careers of educators 169 collaborative 88 computer-assisted 169±70, 182 Council on Hotel Restaurant and Institutional Education 117±18 cross-cultural 119 curriculum design 131±2 distance 155±6 Ecotourism Society 166 effectiveness 170±2 entrepreneurial 172±3 environmental 173±5 executive development 213±14 Finnish University Network for Tourism Studies 231 graduate distance courses in tourism 155 Institute of Certified Travel Agents 312 International Society of Travel and Tourism Educators 323 modular programme 391 multidisciplinary 179±82 National Restaurant Association 408 of teachers 573±4 problems and shortcomings 169 programme articulation 31±2 recreation 184±5 role of museums 401 systems theory 570±1 see also career; human resource development education/industry relationship 175±6 education level 176±7
education media 182 education method 178±9 education policy 182±4 effectiveness 465 efficiency indicators 433 of PR campaigns 476 efficiency 185±6, 465 of energy use 192 performance indicators 433 profit margin 466 effluent control 454 Efteling theme park 412 ego-enhancement see motivation; prestige Egypt 186±8 mass tourism results 383 Egyptian General Authority for the Promotion of Tourism 187 EIA see environmental impact assessment Eiffel Tower �Paris) 402±3 Eilat �Israel) 332 Einsiedeln �Switzerland) 498 electronic promotion source 188 Elgin Marbles 91 Ellis, Taylor 613±15 Elson, M.J . 10 EMAS see Eco-Management and Audit Scheme emergency management 188±9 Emizet, Kisangani 539±40 employment 189 and education effectiveness 177 compensation 98 conditions 88±9 economic factors 162 gender factors 247 in developing countries 147 in European Union 208 payroll cost analysis 430 performance appraisal 432 turnover 608 see also human resource development; job design analysis; labour relations; recruitment employment law 189±90 EMS see enviromental management system enclave tourism 190±1, 451, 503±4, 505 see also exclave encounter 191 energy 191±2 English Channel 80 English Tourist Board 259 Index 651 Enloe, Cynthia 453 entrepreneurial education 179±80 entrepreneurship 192±3, 539 environment 193±5 adaptation to 10 alternative tourism 21 and attention 33±4 and carrying capacity 72±3 and climate 84 and compliance 100 and design and layout 144 and economic factors 163 code of ethics 86±7 consumer attitudes 106 ecoethics 160 in developing countries 147 in Greece 263 integrated environmental management 313 interface with human activity 249 outdoor recreation 185 limits of acceptable change 360 pollution management 454 precautionary principle 458±9 see also conservation; ecologically sustainable tourism; ecology environmental aesthetics 195 environmental auditing 195±6, 200, 454, 496 environmental codes of ethics see code of ethics, environmental environmental compatibility 196 environmental damage 52, 496, 507 environmental education 180±2 environmental engineering 197 environmental hazards 510 environmental impact see impact, environmental environmental impact assessment 299, 353, 439 environmental legislation 353±4 environmental management, best practice 198 Environmental Management for Hotels 198 environmental management system 195, 198 environmental perception 431 environmental planning 440±1 environmental psychology 472 environmental quality 480±2 environmental rehabilitation 199±200 environmental standards see environmental auditing environmental stewardship see environmental management, best practice
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Chief editor Jafar Jafari Universit
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viii List of contributors Frances B
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x List of contributors Peter Grabow
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xii List of contributors Andrew Loc
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xiv List of contributors Robert A.
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xvi List of contributors Betty Weil
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xviii Introduction mission-driven c
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xx Introduction receiving countries
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xxii Introduction why in this early
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Writing a full and fair acknowledge
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xxvi Entry list bar Barbados bed an
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xxviii Entry list ecoresort ecotour
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xxx Entry list industrial tourism i
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xxxii Entry list New Zealand non-di
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xxxiv Entry list service quality se
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Aborigine Having reviewed research
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initial phase in a developing econo
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Capital expenditure results in the
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evolving �autonomous) cultural sy
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their social practices and the cont
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not always a concern since they are
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The image technique with a linkage-
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than monocultures. Furthermore, it
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airline Airlines �air carriers) p
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See also: drinking; licensing Furth
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`alternative' philosophy can be exp
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developing conceptual constructs. T
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since the 1970s have been from this
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anti-tourism Anti-tourism is a gene
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guards and restricting access. Whil
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a much-needed source of local incom
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Association Internationale d'Expert
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attitudes. Contemporary thinking ab
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of the former include special struc
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with the work of Heider, who noted
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The real picture is in stark contra
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tourism originating in the Americas
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Fourth is the critical approach. Su
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interface ensures that such applica
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foreign investment) triggered by fa
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locations provide opportunities tha
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Mishan, E.J. �ed.) �1994) Cost
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eserved for national or regional to
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the figures for 1986 and 1987. Howe
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strategies or modes of presentation
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necessary when actual results vary
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Burnout Inventory Manual, 2nd edn,
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cafeteria A cafeteria is a self-ser
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the United States, although this pe
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down places. Their lower prices ten
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cannot be an anchor until there has
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ship between number of users �den
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ased on theoretical reasoning which
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of their home countries, and it is
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4.52 million departures with a 21 p
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sources such as grants, membership,
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they will have to pay. It is also a
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as a separate classification becaus
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code in their reservation systems t
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contracts. Such statements insure m
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things/events/places/narratives bec
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mix that includes multiple media an
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esidents. This emergent industry is
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tend to specialise in the productio
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of costs or being a cost leader imp
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and a rigorous test to gain admissi
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Veblen, T. �1970 [1899]) The Theo
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not reflect the characteristics of
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were changing in time. After the wa
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Linked to this evolution, host comm
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enefits, costs and spin-offs whethe
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fully chosen, implemented and carri
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usinesses, then the corporate struc
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afting and river cruising opportuni
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cross-cultural education Cross-cult
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studies of the differential impact
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architectural heritage. The governm
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or over primal peoples. First, prim
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may be trying to understand the str
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organisation perpetuates its cultur
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arts and crafts of Native peoples a
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$3.7 billion. The average number of
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combine his experience and intuitio
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measured by the amount of money spe
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season and staggering school holida
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demonstration effects. With the dev
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Asia and Latin America. One could a
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attractions. They include basic inf
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destination management. DMOs have b
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intervene in the economic and socia
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network of classifications that nor
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organisational norms and standards.
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distance decay There are costs invo
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operators and travel agencies that
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`discover' or connect to the essent
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of the population, and the proporti
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local governments. Given the nature
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Samuelson, P.A. and Nordhaus, W.D.
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and on-the-job capabilities of all
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and a number of elective courses th
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potential inefficiency. There are f
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feasibility of the start-up and ope
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include how to communicate the theo
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�Cooper and Westlake 1989). The u
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working skills for tourism and its
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time or inclination to develop expe
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programme emphasises general manage
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most common forms of recreation for
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some fifteen universities and more
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Science, University of Colorado.
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in such enclaves have no need to le
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See also: culture broker; education
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Congestion and overtaxing of infras
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overview of research in the physica
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cesses for meeting regulatory requi
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eroticism This term captures the se
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English, French, German and Portugu
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does lead to standardised attractio
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ethnicity changes in association wi
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Therefore, it is surprising that th
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Reference Boorstin, D. �1961) The
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excursion An excursion is a short p
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See also: cross-cultural management
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esearcher participating in and faci
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facilitation The concept of facilit
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hand, factor analysis provides for
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authors �Garcia-Ramon et al. 1995
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concept, number and type of hotel r
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mine what is meaningful to them. In
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press event, French officials estim
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The tourism industry is well develo
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used grease are also subtracted fro
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attempt to isolate and measure thos
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either on a regional basis �as wi
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diversified in terms of different c
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succeed in the United States, compa
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gambling Gambling is an activity th
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game park reserve Game park reserve
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characteristics laid down by their
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usually considered to be an object-
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employing a framework based on supp
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margins and causing some high-profi
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tourism) cannot be adequately studi
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y business travel and travel by per
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and Political Analysis, Cambridge:
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visitors through modern equivalents
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for low-income domestic tourists, t
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Tourism in Islands and Small States
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tality to guests is based on rules
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feature of Murray was the commitmen
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gender, ethnicity, employment and t
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elated problems which includes the
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hedonism Hedonism is the unbridled
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The Natural and Built Environment,
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The other main strand of tourism hi
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and a second generation of camps wh
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y advancing tourism development in
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y the nobility suddenly found they
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German gast: stranger, foreigner, e
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education courses or training modul
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humour Humour refers to a sense of
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iconography Illustration by visual
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of the ideology of the picturesque
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are often positive and the environm
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improving environmental performance
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marking. Successful implementation
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doubling of passenger transport out
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Spice Islands ± have occupied a sp
Page 340 and 341:
References Leiper, N. �1995) Tour
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property management system used in
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economic sectors, takes the ad hoc
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esearch, advancement of knowledge i
Page 348 and 349:
International Academy for the Study
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treaties are still governed by thes
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power to the community, a concept t
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and recommended practices are adopt
Page 356 and 357:
International Society of Travel and
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erally did not mind using local tou
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Internet The Internet is a public c
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intervening opportunity Destination
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investment can include increases in
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acts'. in A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld
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unique feature. Despite this, touri
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Further reading Ministry of Transpo
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perspectives, including those of th
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igour. The main sectors covered by
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Kaabah The Kaabah is a cube-shaped
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at the bottom of the knowledge acqu
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and elsewhere, obviously have had d
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variety of offerings and niche mark
Page 384 and 385:
financial and human resources. Ther
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schemes in all sectors of tourism,
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and 1970s. He conceived leisure as
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liberalisation see international av
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lifestyle The concept of lifestyle
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nity, location, place or area. The
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een the formalisation of the concep
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ludic The ludic aspects of tourism
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The new Kuala Lumpur International
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culture, geography, fantasy and oth
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and procedures, project design and
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Philadelphia: University of Pennsyl
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segmentation'. It considers consume
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the producer±consumer relationship
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tions, mostly funded by governments
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concerns the location of an attract
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determinants of brand choice, situa
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promotion tends to be dominated by
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independent meeting planners, perfo
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evenues are added, total tourism re
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eligious marker, are fewer in numbe
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motivation According to the sociolo
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ut nonetheless highly germane facto
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several days or weeks. Another purp
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in order to determine the total eco
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fold worldwide, and they have becom
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prehistorical �the river from whi
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guides in Singapore', Journal of Cu
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National parks and other protected
Page 442 and 443:
shop postcards consisting of photog
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litan areas are of this kind, and i
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een trained it is ready for use in
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any formal association that is neit
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occupancy rate A tourism business o
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The proper fit of these elements is
Page 454 and 455:
esources because the viability of t
Page 456 and 457:
Pacific Asia Travel Association The
Page 458 and 459:
two weeks of paid holiday. The 1938
Page 460 and 461:
alised than conventional forms such
Page 462 and 463:
Local tourism authorities, boards a
Page 464 and 465:
perception see advertising; anticip
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programme, towards meeting stated g
Page 468 and 469:
Further reading Assael, H. �1993)
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of an integrated national developme
Page 472 and 473:
significance contains historic and/
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portation and support networks, is
Page 476 and 477:
the attainment of specific goals
Page 478 and 479:
still a larger volume of internatio
Page 480 and 481:
overall structure of the argument o
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sophistication of international tou
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eferendum on a hotel tax, azoning m
Page 486 and 487:
accommodation may be unavailable, o
Page 488 and 489:
thirteenth century, and was well kn
Page 490 and 491:
address to which it has been sent,
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and environmental information at th
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principal components analysis Princ
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overall experience consisting of fi
Page 498 and 499:
productivity in respect of one inpu
Page 500 and 501:
occur in the related independent va
Page 502 and 503:
elieved that place management is a
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mainly for non-leisure purposes, of
Page 506 and 507:
and economists. The strong hypothet
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input into such decisions and it ha
Page 510 and 511:
purpose Purpose of tourism normally
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hand, this situation demands that t
Page 514 and 515:
quality of the environment. In the
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schedule business meetings without
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equated with the `vision quest' its
Page 520 and 521:
adio Radio is an underrated medium
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these terms emphasise a human and a
Page 524 and 525:
ecreation centre Within a resort, a
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ecreational geography see geography
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within a state, province or territo
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elics Relics are objects venerated
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esponsibility' of the participants,
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a limited period of time. Rented fa
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esort A definition of resorts shoul
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1930s, but not until the 1970s did
Page 540 and 541:
society �see postmodernism) that
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hetoric In the late twentieth centu
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of the transition rite, the stage w
Page 546 and 547:
A role can be defined by the rules
Page 548 and 549:
Abandoned buildings in declining vi
Page 550 and 551:
sacred journey In common usage `sac
Page 552 and 553:
each point; �4) establish procedu
Page 554 and 555:
scenic drive A scenic drive is a ro
Page 556 and 557:
feature of the elite of many countr
Page 558 and 559:
Tourism, Crime and International Se
Page 560 and 561:
the human subject. The global syste
Page 562 and 563:
tourism represents over 10 per cent
Page 564 and 565:
etween tourism and prostitution are
Page 566 and 567:
shrine A shrine is an object or pla
Page 568 and 569:
Hawkes, T. �1977) Structuralism a
Page 570 and 571:
sites, biblical Biblical sites are
Page 572 and 573:
elationships to family members �i
Page 574 and 575:
social recreation Leisure activitie
Page 576 and 577:
provider behaviours that establish
Page 578 and 579:
destination, their quest is frustra
Page 580 and 581:
Watson, G.L. and Kopachevsky, J.P.
Page 582 and 583:
a religious meaning, and are thus u
Page 584 and 585:
market share and facing severe prob
Page 586 and 587:
sector, including creation of media
Page 588 and 589:
purpose. Eventually, the picturesqu
Page 590 and 591:
quantitatively. The mean, median an
Page 592 and 593:
another climate. Nevertheless, they
Page 594 and 595:
oader macroenvironment �demograph
Page 596 and 597:
tourism studies owes most to the wr
Page 598 and 599:
many tourism businesses may be bett
Page 600 and 601:
Further reading Chadwick, R.A. �1
Page 602 and 603:
have succeeded in improving the int
Page 604 and 605:
ings. An element is a component whi
Page 606 and 607:
property, while indirect taxes are
Page 608 and 609:
While it provides the means to crea
Page 610 and 611:
to France, but its economic conditi
Page 612 and 613:
and carnivals. The contribution of
Page 614 and 615:
ecord of a person's use of time. Th
Page 616 and 617:
operator or other supplier, usually
Page 618 and 619:
in marketing products and to guaran
Page 620 and 621:
fragmentation and the spatial separ
Page 622 and 623:
tourism system The concept of a tou
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central elements are sights, sites,
Page 626 and 627:
scientific and the unashamedly roma
Page 628 and 629:
involves a series of transactions.
Page 630 and 631:
type of road. With off-road vehicle
Page 632 and 633: carriers in particular markets. Mos
Page 634 and 635: others by those who claim superior
Page 636 and 637: the production of guidebooks for me
Page 638 and 639: Further reading Edgell, D.L. �199
Page 640 and 641: y establishing successful hotel/res
Page 642 and 643: 1988). Graburn �1983) differentia
Page 644 and 645: tion) might be international in sco
Page 646 and 647: ecognition of the severe impact of
Page 648 and 649: ing immigrants to the United States
Page 650 and 651: The combination of sustainable deve
Page 652 and 653: vacationscape The term `vacationsca
Page 654 and 655: present somewhere remotely, rather
Page 656 and 657: References Andregnette, P. �1995)
Page 658 and 659: In war-torn areas, mere prospects f
Page 660 and 661: 1980s. At an earlier time, the Fren
Page 662 and 663: World Tourism Organization The Worl
Page 664 and 665: ÐÐ �1996) Educating the Educato
Page 666 and 667: yield management The concept of max
Page 668 and 669: zoning Zoning, as it is popularly c
Page 670 and 671: 638 Index achievement 7±8 acquisit
Page 672 and 673: 640 Index asset management 32 cash
Page 674 and 675: 642 Index British Hospitality Assoc
Page 676 and 677: 644 Index environmental 86±7 see a
Page 678 and 679: 646 Index craft see handicrafts Cra
Page 680 and 681: 648 Index research 217 design of or
Page 684 and 685: 652 Index environmental valuation 2
Page 686 and 687: 654 Index and currency smuggling 53
Page 688 and 689: 656 Index Havana Convention �on i
Page 690 and 691: 658 Index marketing 376 metaphor 38
Page 692 and 693: 660 Index inventory 5, 329 and entr
Page 694 and 695: 662 Index paid holidays 281, 425 Ru
Page 696 and 697: 664 Index market research see marke
Page 698 and 699: 666 Index Montreux �Switzerland)
Page 700 and 701: 668 Index Okechuku, C. 119 Okrant,
Page 702 and 703: 670 Index Germany 253 Greece 262 Hu
Page 704 and 705: 672 Index ratio analysis 112, 487±
Page 706 and 707: 674 Index restaurant 507±8 classif
Page 708 and 709: 676 Index 157, 253±4, 277, 329±30
Page 710 and 711: 678 Index and conservation 103 and
Page 712 and 713: 680 Index Asia Pacific Tourism Asso
Page 714 and 715: 682 Index vision quest 484±5 Visio
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