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504 resort enclave
Communities are sometimes able to bargain for a
percentage of the revenues obtained from use of
the recreational facilities.
Following from the nature of ownership, a unity
of purpose in resort planning and construction
enables integration to occur. The development
can be designed so as to maximise harmony
between the natural setting and the human
facilities. The proper ratio of facilities to accommodation
can be specified �see facilities management).
The balanced development resulting
from effective overall planning may enhance
financial success. Recreational features that are
unprofitable in the short term can continue to
operate because rapid return from other areas
brings in sufficient capital. The large scale of
investment typically mandates that facilities be of
first-class quality. Costs of development are thus
offset by higher fees to customers.
In Europe, integrated ski resorts and marinas
are common, while elsewhere coastal resorts
focused on water and golf are often the most
typical form �see golf tourism). These are
sometimes referred to as `mega-resorts'. A luxury
hotel and golf course are built, initially, to attract
potential real estate customers. The clientele is
relatively wealthy, hence the greatest return accrues
through the sale of up-scale condominiums and
other types of housing.
Integrated resorts enjoyed a development boom
in the West during the early and the middle of
1980s. This was later extended to the Pacific region
through the injection of capital from Japanese and
Pacific Rim development concerns. Changes in
tax laws in the United States, increasing complexity
of environmental legislation and the recession in
Japanese real estate market curtailed the proliferation
of integrated resorts �see legislation, environmental).
More recently, changes in vacation
patterns in the United States have led developers
to downsize integrated resorts and build them
closer to their urban-based clientele. Caribbean
destinations such as Puerto Rico have thus been
chosen by developers.
Further reading
Pearce, D. �1989) Tourist Development, 2nd edn,
Harlow: Longman, and New York: Wiley.
CHARLES S. JOHNSTON, NEW ZEALAND
resort enclave
Self-contained tourism complexes are also known
as resort enclaves �see resort hotel). Usually
associated with sun, sand, sea and sex in
Third World settings, resort enclaves typically
offer amenities such as tennis, golf, scuba diving,
and horseback riding, and are popular with
affluent Western mass tourists. Because of foreign
ownership and low levels of interaction between
enclave tourists and the indigenous population,
there are many controversies over economic
benefits as well as social impacts.
See also: resort development, integrated
resort hotel
KLAUS J. MEYER-ARENDT, USA
Resort properties which provide tourists with
accommodations are categorically known as resort
hotels �see resort enclave). Recreational facilities
may include swimming pools, tennis courts, golf
courses and gymnasiums. Typically there is access
to other attractions such as beaches, lakes, ski
slopes, shops, nightclubs or natural areas that
provide enjoyment for guests. Facility quality is
generally designated by number of `stars'.
resort morphology
ONG LEI TIN, SINGAPORE
Resort morphology, or form, entails the delineation
of a resort area into its functional land use
components for better understanding of the spatial
patterns, processes and impacts of recreation
and tourism. The uniqueness of urban morphologic
patterns in resort areas was recognised by
tourism geographers and others as early as the