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that women have moved in many cases into central
socioeconomic roles.
The changing roles of host and guest constitute
a fundamental touchstone of the nature of the
contemporary world, particularly as far as this
world is shaped by tourism. In this sense, those
studies of tourism concerned with the changing
relations between host and guest appear as
important instruments in the understanding of
modernity and postmodernism themselves.
References
Pitt-Rivers, J. �1977) The Fate of Shechem, or the Politics
of Sex:Essays in the Anthropology of the Mediterranean,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Simmel, G. �1950) `The Stranger', The Sociology of
Georg Simmel, New York: Free Press.
Smith, V.L. �1977) Hosts and Guests:the Anthropology of
Tourism, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania
Press; revised 1989.
Further reading
Black, A. �1966) `Negotiating the tourist gaze: the
example from Malta', in J. Boissevain �ed.),
Coping With Tourists:European Reactions to Mass
Tourism, Oxford: Berghahn.
Bouquet, M. �1985) Family, Servants and Visitors:The
Farm Household in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century
Devon, Norwich: Geo Books.
Zarkia, C. �1996) `Philoxenia: receiving tourists but
not guests', in J. Boissevain �ed.), Coping With
Tourists:European Reactions to Mass Tourism,
Oxford: Berghahn.
hotel
TOM SELWYN, UK
A hotel is a tourism business unit which, as its main
endeavour, rents room accommodation to the
general public for a minimum duration of one
night. Frequently this activity is supported by the
provision of food and drink and other related
services. Hotels vary in the number of rooms
available, the level of service provision, target
markets, tariff charged and type of ownership
and operation.
hotel, airport
KEITH JOHNSON, UK
Hotels located near major airports, meeting the
hospitality demands of business and leisure tourists,
are commonly known as airport hotels.
Commercial links exist with the airport authority,
with airlines, reservations agencies and courtesy
coach operators. Market segments include aircraft
personnel �pilots, cabin crew), inbound and
outbound tourists, and passengers affected by
delayed flights. Well-equipped conference facilities
are developed for the wider business market.
See also: accommodation
STEVEN GOSS-TURNER, UK
human resource development
Human resource development �HRD) can be
described as a continuous process or virtuous cycle
which uses investment in human capital in order to
improve productive output, enhance the quality
of that output, provide increased benefits for those
employed and contribute to an improved quality of
life for those involved and their dependants. At the
same time, HRD is a process which is at the core of
an organisation's investment in its human capital
and, as such, can make a significant contribution to
improved performance, productivity and profitability.
HRD is a key functional aspect of human
resource management �HRM) and, in its broadest
sense, encompasses the complementary process of
ecotourists, training and developing personnel for
or in an organisation. HRD is a term which is of
relatively recent currency and has evolved as an
umbrella term to assist in overcoming social,
cultural and practical difficulties which can exist
in defining its component areas of education and
training and development.
The HRD process may be formal in its
organisation, consisting of publicly accredited