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liberalisation see international aviation
liberalisation
licensing
Each town, county, state, province or country has
their own jurisdictions over the licensing laws
relative to the sale and consumption of alcoholic
beverages. For example, the time of day in which
the alcoholic beverages are sold varies from place
to place. When compared to northern Europe and
the United States, the central and southern parts of
Europe have relatively liberal licensing laws and
maintain policies that keep the pubs open for a
large portion of the day and night. The United
Kingdom, however, has been saddled with a
closing time of 10:30 or 11:00 pm for many years.
It is said that hundreds of years ago, a group of
dock workers were so drunk that they were unable
to load spices for the king's banquet that evening.
The king, infuriated by this incident, proclaimed
that the pubs would close in the afternoons.
The drinking age also varies according to the
region. For example, in the Canadian provinces the
legal drinking age is set at 18 or 19. In the United
States the drinking age is 21 in most states, whereas
in northern Europe the drinking age is generally
18. In some regions, licenses may include the sale
of all beverages or only for the sale of beer and
wine. An off-sales licence allows the merchant to
sale of alcoholic beverages for off-premises consumption.
A licensee has a responsibility to society
to serve alcoholic beverages in a responsible
manner. Owners, managers, bartenders and servers
may be held liable under the law if they serve
alcohol to minors or to persons who are intoxicated.
In most cases, the extent of the law is very
severe. Tourism from the more strict regions, like
Scandinavia, is often directed to more relaxed
destinations with regard to alcohol, like the
Mediterranean countries.
life cycle
JOHN R. WALKER, USA
The life cycle concept was introduced into tourism
studies as a variable in tourist behaviour research
and as a development model for products and
destinations �as an indication of various stages in
behaviour and demographic variables.) Traditionally,
this concept has been linked to a family
life cycle, with age being the context in which
preferences and activities of tourists change over
time. Thus the concept has been developed as an
instrument for market segmentation. The
main assumption is a correlation between life
cycle and lifestyle which eventually expresses
itself in the preferences for destinations and
specific activities. Life cycle is a construct to
explain and manage development of tourism
products and destinations and has a strong
connection with economics, having been first
introduced to help understand the evolution of
business organisations.
The challenge for tourism planning and research
has been to adapt the life cycle model to the
dynamics in development, reflecting the internal
forces and the external components of growth.
The expectations of a growing tourism market, the
need to understand the growth factors in each stage
and the intention of forecasting future development
based on past growth rates are the key issues in this
approach. The life cycle is usually presented as an
S-curve in time which evolves through stages of
introduction, development, consolidation, saturation
and stagnation, followed either by decline or
rejuvenation.
See also: life cycle, destination; opportunity cost;
product life cycle
Further reading
life cycle 357
Butler, R.W. �1980) `The concept of a tourism area
cycle of evolution: implications for management
of resources', Canadian Geographer 14�1): 5±12.
Getz, D. �1992) `Tourism planning and the
destination life cycle', Annals of Tourism Research
19: 752±70.
Haywood, K.M. �1989) `Can the tourist area life
cycle be made operational?', Tourism Management
7: 154±67.
Martin, B.S. and Uysal, M. �1990) Àn examination
of the relationship between carrying capacity
and the tourism life cycle: management and