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arts and crafts of Native peoples around the
world.)
Jafari, J. �1987) `Tourism models: the sociocultural
aspects', Tourism Management 8�2): 151±9. �Discusses
factors which both constitute and influence
the tourist culture.)
Salamone, F. �1997) Àuthenticity in tourism: the
San Angel Inns', Annals of Tourism Research 24�2):
305±21. �Discusses the situated nature of
authenticity and the pressure to conform to
stereotypes.)
curative tourism
NELSON H.H. GRABURN, USA
Curative tourism includes activities and destinations
which provide physical or spiritual selfimprovement
and well-being opportunities to
tourists. Curative resorts offer natural resources
such as mineral springs and muds, thermal baths
and inviting climate. Their special programmes
feature proper nutrition, fasting, hydrotherapy,
electrotherapy, inhalation, solarium, sunshine,
pampering, cosmetics and meditation.
currency control
HANAN KATTARA, EGYPT
Currency controls are a set of restrictions on the
convertibility or the international transferability, or
both, of a country's national currency. The purpose
of these controls is to manage the country's
balance of payments. The extreme case found
in some countries �mainly those of the Third
World or with centrally planned economies, many
highly dependent on earnings from international
tourism) is a national currency that is not
convertible or traded in foreign exchange
markets, and which can be transferred in and out
of the country only with the authorisation of its
central bank.
SIMON ARCHER, UK
curriculum design
curriculum design 131
Curricula design in tourism, similar to those in
other fields, involves preparation of an entire range
of studies to benefit the student toward specific
objectives. A curriculum is usually organised jointly
by faculty and administrators and evolves over
time. Because tourism is a complex phenomenon,
curricula vary greatly among institutions.
Most tourism curricula of today deal with the
hospitality industry, such as management principles
relating to various tourism businesses, including
accommodations, food and beverage services,
car rental companies, travel agencies, convention
operations, commercial attractions, and transportation.
Curricula sometimes distinguish
between training and education. The former
is directed toward specific skill objectives needed
for employment. For example, trainees for food
operation are given educational instruction and
skill development in cooking processes, refrigeration,
equipment and food storage. Frequently
offered at specialised high schools, community
colleges, culinary institutes and technical schools, it
is highly structured and often leads to certification.
In contrast, an education curriculum is designed
for students who seek a degree from a higher level
institution such as a university. Although occupational
objectives, such as hotel management,
frequently dominate such degree programmes,
basic education in the classical sense, including
courses in humanities and sciences, is usually an
essential part of it. Professionals consider education
as broader than training.
Education usually encompasses long-range
objectives for human environment rather than
skills. Such hotel and restaurant schools often
include a mix of education and training in their
curricula. For example, in addition to courses in
management, food service, housekeeping, marketing
and front desk operation, the curriculum may
include courses in social sciences, communication,
interpersonal relations, planning and design, law
and foreign languages. Those designed at the
masters and doctoral levels provide curricula for
future researchers and instructors of tourism. In
many universities, elements of tourism curricula
are also incorporated into related programs, such
as those in leisure, recreation, parks and resources