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662 Index paid holidays 281, 425 Russian 516 tourism-related, in UK 612 Legoland �Denmark) 142 Leiper, Neil 172±4, 305±7, 490, 570±1, 589, 589±91 leisure 354±6 and recreation 489, 490 and religion 497 intrinsic motivation 395±6 Journal of Leisure Research 339, 407 Managing Leisure 371 recreational media 386 Visions in Leisure and Business 621 World Recreation and Leisure Association 628 leisure parks 281 Leisure Sciences 356 Leisure Studies 356 leisure tourist 356 length of stay 356 Leontief, Wassily W. 311 Leshan 498 Leslie, David 281 less developed countries 147 see also Third World; Fourth World Lett, James 365 Lew, Alan A. 35±7, 404±5, 414±15, 500 Lhasa �Tibet) 498 Li, Sarah 275±7, 569±70 liabilities 5 Liansheng, Zhang 78±9 liberal arts programmes 167, 175 liberalisation see international aviation, liberalisation licensing 357, 496 life cycle 95, 357±8 and marginality 372 and prestige 460 destination 108, 279, 358 hospitality industry 398 product 357, 460, 463 lifeseeing 358 lifestyle 151, 359 and future of tourism 242 and life cycle 357 and public health 273 environmental implications 19 inversion 330 market segmentation 375 liminality 150, 359±60, 443, 510 limit of acceptable change 298, 360, 427 protected areas 470 Lincoln, J.R. 119 Lisbon �Portugal) 455 literary tourism 360 Little, J. 134 Littrel, Mary A. 270±2 loans 5 repayment 74 local 360±1 local authorities 258 local organisation 361 localisation curve 361 Locarno-Ascona �Switzerland) 568 location 361±2 of attractions 36 nearest neighbour analysis 410 used in films 228 see also site analysis location quotient 362 location theory 162 locational analysis 362±3 Lockwood, Andrew 284±6, 527±9, 530 lodging 284 Lodging 21 London 616 London Film Commission 228 Long, Veronica 222±3, 390±1, 579±80 long range 364 longitudinal study 363±4 Lord of Sipan �Peru) 435 loss �accounting) 5 LOT �Polish airline) 444 lotteries 243, 244 Lourdes �France) 10, 498, 565 Louvre �Paris) 401 Low, Linda 535 loyalty 364, 376 and personal selling 434 database marketing 134 incentive travel 301 programmes 104 related to quality 480 see also relationship marketing Lucas, R.C. 10 Luckman, T.L. 435 ludic behaviour 330, 365, 443 and liminality 359
Lufthansa 599 Luhrman, Deborah 629±31 Lumbina 498 Lumiere, Louis and Auguste 228 Lundgren, J. 2 Luxor �Egypt) 187 Luz Rufilanchas, Maria 209 Lycos 177 Lynch, K. 10 Lyon �France) 487 Lytham and St Anne's Golf Club 256 Maasai Mara �Kenya) 343, 427 Maastricht Treaty �1992) 208, 237 Macao 244 MacCannell, Dean 19, 36, 44, 48, 201, 373, 457±8, 484, 511, 525±7, 544±5, 553±5 macroeconomics 161 Madurodam �The Hague) 412 magazine 366 magic 366 Maier, Gunther 631 maintenance of facilities 220 Maitland, Robert 116 Makkah see Mecca malaria 154 Malaysia 366±7, 423 Malaysian Tourism Promotion Board 366 Mall of America 532, 616 Malta 367, 512 Man and the Biosphere programme 406 management 367±9 and control systems 109±10 and corporate structure 114±15 and future of tourism 242 and organisation design 419 corporate strategy 112±14 decision support system 134±5 destination 146 disciplinary action 152±3 education 167, 168, 174 entrepreneurial education 179±80 executive development 213±14 facilities 220 financial control 229 general tourism management model 175 innovation 310 integrated environmental 313 Index 663 Journal of International Hospitality, Leisure and Tourism Management 339 Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 339 leadership 350±1 of emergencies 188 of events 209±10 of heritage 276 of parks 427 of pollution 454 of quality 479 of services 528 of transportation services 482 performance indicators 432±3 profit variance analysis 467±8 property management system 469 ratio analysis 487±8 roles 350 sales force 517 small business 538±9 strategic planning 561±2 Tourism Management 586 use of demography 139 see also budgeting; SWOT analysis management accounting 6, 369±70 management contract 370±1 Managing Leisure 371 Mandalay �Burma) 498 Manila �Philippines) 436 Manila Declaration on World Tourism �1980) 219 Mannell, Roger C. 241, 354±6, 395±6, 418 Manning, F. 226 manpower, and location 362 see also employment manpower development 371 Manrai, Ajay K. 431±2 Manrai, Lalita A. 431±2 Mansfeld, Yoel 332±3, 509, 517, 523±5 map 371±2, 570 orienteering 420 perceptual 431±2 scenic resources 347 see also geographical information system; wayfinding marginality 150, 372±3 marker 36, 373 exoticism 214 market 373±4 market analysis 374 market development 113
Page 4 and 5:
Chief editor Jafar Jafari Universit
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viii List of contributors Frances B
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x List of contributors Peter Grabow
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xii List of contributors Andrew Loc
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xiv List of contributors Robert A.
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xvi List of contributors Betty Weil
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xviii Introduction mission-driven c
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xx Introduction receiving countries
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xxii Introduction why in this early
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Writing a full and fair acknowledge
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xxvi Entry list bar Barbados bed an
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xxviii Entry list ecoresort ecotour
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xxx Entry list industrial tourism i
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xxxii Entry list New Zealand non-di
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xxxiv Entry list service quality se
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Aborigine Having reviewed research
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initial phase in a developing econo
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Capital expenditure results in the
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evolving �autonomous) cultural sy
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their social practices and the cont
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not always a concern since they are
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The image technique with a linkage-
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than monocultures. Furthermore, it
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airline Airlines �air carriers) p
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See also: drinking; licensing Furth
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`alternative' philosophy can be exp
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developing conceptual constructs. T
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since the 1970s have been from this
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anti-tourism Anti-tourism is a gene
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guards and restricting access. Whil
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a much-needed source of local incom
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Association Internationale d'Expert
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attitudes. Contemporary thinking ab
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of the former include special struc
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with the work of Heider, who noted
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The real picture is in stark contra
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tourism originating in the Americas
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Fourth is the critical approach. Su
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interface ensures that such applica
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foreign investment) triggered by fa
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locations provide opportunities tha
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Mishan, E.J. �ed.) �1994) Cost
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eserved for national or regional to
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the figures for 1986 and 1987. Howe
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strategies or modes of presentation
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necessary when actual results vary
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Burnout Inventory Manual, 2nd edn,
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cafeteria A cafeteria is a self-ser
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the United States, although this pe
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down places. Their lower prices ten
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cannot be an anchor until there has
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ship between number of users �den
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ased on theoretical reasoning which
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of their home countries, and it is
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4.52 million departures with a 21 p
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sources such as grants, membership,
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they will have to pay. It is also a
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as a separate classification becaus
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code in their reservation systems t
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contracts. Such statements insure m
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things/events/places/narratives bec
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mix that includes multiple media an
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esidents. This emergent industry is
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tend to specialise in the productio
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of costs or being a cost leader imp
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and a rigorous test to gain admissi
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Veblen, T. �1970 [1899]) The Theo
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not reflect the characteristics of
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were changing in time. After the wa
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Linked to this evolution, host comm
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enefits, costs and spin-offs whethe
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fully chosen, implemented and carri
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usinesses, then the corporate struc
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afting and river cruising opportuni
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cross-cultural education Cross-cult
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studies of the differential impact
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architectural heritage. The governm
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or over primal peoples. First, prim
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may be trying to understand the str
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organisation perpetuates its cultur
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arts and crafts of Native peoples a
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$3.7 billion. The average number of
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combine his experience and intuitio
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measured by the amount of money spe
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season and staggering school holida
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demonstration effects. With the dev
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Asia and Latin America. One could a
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attractions. They include basic inf
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destination management. DMOs have b
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intervene in the economic and socia
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network of classifications that nor
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organisational norms and standards.
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distance decay There are costs invo
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operators and travel agencies that
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`discover' or connect to the essent
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of the population, and the proporti
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local governments. Given the nature
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Samuelson, P.A. and Nordhaus, W.D.
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and on-the-job capabilities of all
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and a number of elective courses th
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potential inefficiency. There are f
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feasibility of the start-up and ope
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include how to communicate the theo
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�Cooper and Westlake 1989). The u
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working skills for tourism and its
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time or inclination to develop expe
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programme emphasises general manage
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most common forms of recreation for
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some fifteen universities and more
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Science, University of Colorado.
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in such enclaves have no need to le
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See also: culture broker; education
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Congestion and overtaxing of infras
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overview of research in the physica
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cesses for meeting regulatory requi
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eroticism This term captures the se
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English, French, German and Portugu
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does lead to standardised attractio
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ethnicity changes in association wi
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Therefore, it is surprising that th
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Reference Boorstin, D. �1961) The
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excursion An excursion is a short p
Page 248 and 249:
See also: cross-cultural management
Page 250 and 251:
esearcher participating in and faci
Page 252 and 253:
facilitation The concept of facilit
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hand, factor analysis provides for
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authors �Garcia-Ramon et al. 1995
Page 258 and 259:
concept, number and type of hotel r
Page 260 and 261:
mine what is meaningful to them. In
Page 262 and 263:
press event, French officials estim
Page 264 and 265:
The tourism industry is well develo
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used grease are also subtracted fro
Page 268 and 269:
attempt to isolate and measure thos
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either on a regional basis �as wi
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diversified in terms of different c
Page 274 and 275:
succeed in the United States, compa
Page 276 and 277:
gambling Gambling is an activity th
Page 278 and 279:
game park reserve Game park reserve
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characteristics laid down by their
Page 282 and 283:
usually considered to be an object-
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employing a framework based on supp
Page 286 and 287:
margins and causing some high-profi
Page 288 and 289:
tourism) cannot be adequately studi
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y business travel and travel by per
Page 292 and 293:
and Political Analysis, Cambridge:
Page 294 and 295:
visitors through modern equivalents
Page 296 and 297:
for low-income domestic tourists, t
Page 298 and 299:
Tourism in Islands and Small States
Page 300 and 301:
tality to guests is based on rules
Page 302 and 303:
feature of Murray was the commitmen
Page 304 and 305:
gender, ethnicity, employment and t
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elated problems which includes the
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hedonism Hedonism is the unbridled
Page 310 and 311:
The Natural and Built Environment,
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The other main strand of tourism hi
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and a second generation of camps wh
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y advancing tourism development in
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y the nobility suddenly found they
Page 320 and 321:
German gast: stranger, foreigner, e
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education courses or training modul
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humour Humour refers to a sense of
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iconography Illustration by visual
Page 328 and 329:
of the ideology of the picturesque
Page 330 and 331:
are often positive and the environm
Page 332 and 333:
improving environmental performance
Page 334 and 335:
marking. Successful implementation
Page 336 and 337:
doubling of passenger transport out
Page 338 and 339:
Spice Islands ± have occupied a sp
Page 340 and 341:
References Leiper, N. �1995) Tour
Page 342 and 343:
property management system used in
Page 344 and 345:
economic sectors, takes the ad hoc
Page 346 and 347:
esearch, advancement of knowledge i
Page 348 and 349:
International Academy for the Study
Page 350 and 351:
treaties are still governed by thes
Page 352 and 353:
power to the community, a concept t
Page 354 and 355:
and recommended practices are adopt
Page 356 and 357:
International Society of Travel and
Page 358 and 359:
erally did not mind using local tou
Page 360 and 361:
Internet The Internet is a public c
Page 362 and 363:
intervening opportunity Destination
Page 364 and 365:
investment can include increases in
Page 366 and 367:
acts'. in A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld
Page 368 and 369:
unique feature. Despite this, touri
Page 370 and 371:
Further reading Ministry of Transpo
Page 372 and 373:
perspectives, including those of th
Page 374 and 375:
igour. The main sectors covered by
Page 376 and 377:
Kaabah The Kaabah is a cube-shaped
Page 378 and 379:
at the bottom of the knowledge acqu
Page 380 and 381:
and elsewhere, obviously have had d
Page 382 and 383:
variety of offerings and niche mark
Page 384 and 385:
financial and human resources. Ther
Page 386 and 387:
schemes in all sectors of tourism,
Page 388 and 389:
and 1970s. He conceived leisure as
Page 390 and 391:
liberalisation see international av
Page 392 and 393:
lifestyle The concept of lifestyle
Page 394 and 395:
nity, location, place or area. The
Page 396 and 397:
een the formalisation of the concep
Page 398 and 399:
ludic The ludic aspects of tourism
Page 400 and 401:
The new Kuala Lumpur International
Page 402 and 403:
culture, geography, fantasy and oth
Page 404 and 405:
and procedures, project design and
Page 406 and 407:
Philadelphia: University of Pennsyl
Page 408 and 409:
segmentation'. It considers consume
Page 410 and 411:
the producer±consumer relationship
Page 412 and 413:
tions, mostly funded by governments
Page 414 and 415:
concerns the location of an attract
Page 416 and 417:
determinants of brand choice, situa
Page 418 and 419:
promotion tends to be dominated by
Page 420 and 421:
independent meeting planners, perfo
Page 422 and 423:
evenues are added, total tourism re
Page 424 and 425:
eligious marker, are fewer in numbe
Page 426 and 427:
motivation According to the sociolo
Page 428 and 429:
ut nonetheless highly germane facto
Page 430 and 431:
several days or weeks. Another purp
Page 432 and 433:
in order to determine the total eco
Page 434 and 435:
fold worldwide, and they have becom
Page 436 and 437:
prehistorical �the river from whi
Page 438 and 439:
guides in Singapore', Journal of Cu
Page 440 and 441:
National parks and other protected
Page 442 and 443:
shop postcards consisting of photog
Page 444 and 445:
litan areas are of this kind, and i
Page 446 and 447:
een trained it is ready for use in
Page 448 and 449:
any formal association that is neit
Page 450 and 451:
occupancy rate A tourism business o
Page 452 and 453:
The proper fit of these elements is
Page 454 and 455:
esources because the viability of t
Page 456 and 457:
Pacific Asia Travel Association The
Page 458 and 459:
two weeks of paid holiday. The 1938
Page 460 and 461:
alised than conventional forms such
Page 462 and 463:
Local tourism authorities, boards a
Page 464 and 465:
perception see advertising; anticip
Page 466 and 467:
programme, towards meeting stated g
Page 468 and 469:
Further reading Assael, H. �1993)
Page 470 and 471:
of an integrated national developme
Page 472 and 473:
significance contains historic and/
Page 474 and 475:
portation and support networks, is
Page 476 and 477:
the attainment of specific goals
Page 478 and 479:
still a larger volume of internatio
Page 480 and 481:
overall structure of the argument o
Page 482 and 483:
sophistication of international tou
Page 484 and 485:
eferendum on a hotel tax, azoning m
Page 486 and 487:
accommodation may be unavailable, o
Page 488 and 489:
thirteenth century, and was well kn
Page 490 and 491:
address to which it has been sent,
Page 492 and 493:
and environmental information at th
Page 494 and 495:
principal components analysis Princ
Page 496 and 497:
overall experience consisting of fi
Page 498 and 499:
productivity in respect of one inpu
Page 500 and 501:
occur in the related independent va
Page 502 and 503:
elieved that place management is a
Page 504 and 505:
mainly for non-leisure purposes, of
Page 506 and 507:
and economists. The strong hypothet
Page 508 and 509:
input into such decisions and it ha
Page 510 and 511:
purpose Purpose of tourism normally
Page 512 and 513:
hand, this situation demands that t
Page 514 and 515:
quality of the environment. In the
Page 516 and 517:
schedule business meetings without
Page 518 and 519:
equated with the `vision quest' its
Page 520 and 521:
adio Radio is an underrated medium
Page 522 and 523:
these terms emphasise a human and a
Page 524 and 525:
ecreation centre Within a resort, a
Page 526 and 527:
ecreational geography see geography
Page 528 and 529:
within a state, province or territo
Page 530 and 531:
elics Relics are objects venerated
Page 532 and 533:
esponsibility' of the participants,
Page 534 and 535:
a limited period of time. Rented fa
Page 536 and 537:
esort A definition of resorts shoul
Page 538 and 539:
1930s, but not until the 1970s did
Page 540 and 541:
society �see postmodernism) that
Page 542 and 543:
hetoric In the late twentieth centu
Page 544 and 545:
of the transition rite, the stage w
Page 546 and 547:
A role can be defined by the rules
Page 548 and 549:
Abandoned buildings in declining vi
Page 550 and 551:
sacred journey In common usage `sac
Page 552 and 553:
each point; �4) establish procedu
Page 554 and 555:
scenic drive A scenic drive is a ro
Page 556 and 557:
feature of the elite of many countr
Page 558 and 559:
Tourism, Crime and International Se
Page 560 and 561:
the human subject. The global syste
Page 562 and 563:
tourism represents over 10 per cent
Page 564 and 565:
etween tourism and prostitution are
Page 566 and 567:
shrine A shrine is an object or pla
Page 568 and 569:
Hawkes, T. �1977) Structuralism a
Page 570 and 571:
sites, biblical Biblical sites are
Page 572 and 573:
elationships to family members �i
Page 574 and 575:
social recreation Leisure activitie
Page 576 and 577:
provider behaviours that establish
Page 578 and 579:
destination, their quest is frustra
Page 580 and 581:
Watson, G.L. and Kopachevsky, J.P.
Page 582 and 583:
a religious meaning, and are thus u
Page 584 and 585:
market share and facing severe prob
Page 586 and 587:
sector, including creation of media
Page 588 and 589:
purpose. Eventually, the picturesqu
Page 590 and 591:
quantitatively. The mean, median an
Page 592 and 593:
another climate. Nevertheless, they
Page 594 and 595:
oader macroenvironment �demograph
Page 596 and 597:
tourism studies owes most to the wr
Page 598 and 599:
many tourism businesses may be bett
Page 600 and 601:
Further reading Chadwick, R.A. �1
Page 602 and 603:
have succeeded in improving the int
Page 604 and 605:
ings. An element is a component whi
Page 606 and 607:
property, while indirect taxes are
Page 608 and 609:
While it provides the means to crea
Page 610 and 611:
to France, but its economic conditi
Page 612 and 613:
and carnivals. The contribution of
Page 614 and 615:
ecord of a person's use of time. Th
Page 616 and 617:
operator or other supplier, usually
Page 618 and 619:
in marketing products and to guaran
Page 620 and 621:
fragmentation and the spatial separ
Page 622 and 623:
tourism system The concept of a tou
Page 624 and 625:
central elements are sights, sites,
Page 626 and 627:
scientific and the unashamedly roma
Page 628 and 629:
involves a series of transactions.
Page 630 and 631:
type of road. With off-road vehicle
Page 632 and 633:
carriers in particular markets. Mos
Page 634 and 635:
others by those who claim superior
Page 636 and 637:
the production of guidebooks for me
Page 638 and 639:
Further reading Edgell, D.L. �199
Page 640 and 641:
y establishing successful hotel/res
Page 642 and 643:
1988). Graburn �1983) differentia
Page 644 and 645: tion) might be international in sco
Page 646 and 647: ecognition of the severe impact of
Page 648 and 649: ing immigrants to the United States
Page 650 and 651: The combination of sustainable deve
Page 652 and 653: vacationscape The term `vacationsca
Page 654 and 655: present somewhere remotely, rather
Page 656 and 657: References Andregnette, P. �1995)
Page 658 and 659: In war-torn areas, mere prospects f
Page 660 and 661: 1980s. At an earlier time, the Fren
Page 662 and 663: World Tourism Organization The Worl
Page 664 and 665: ÐÐ �1996) Educating the Educato
Page 666 and 667: yield management The concept of max
Page 668 and 669: zoning Zoning, as it is popularly c
Page 670 and 671: 638 Index achievement 7±8 acquisit
Page 672 and 673: 640 Index asset management 32 cash
Page 674 and 675: 642 Index British Hospitality Assoc
Page 676 and 677: 644 Index environmental 86±7 see a
Page 678 and 679: 646 Index craft see handicrafts Cra
Page 680 and 681: 648 Index research 217 design of or
Page 682 and 683: 650 Index role of tourism 250, 452
Page 684 and 685: 652 Index environmental valuation 2
Page 686 and 687: 654 Index and currency smuggling 53
Page 688 and 689: 656 Index Havana Convention �on i
Page 690 and 691: 658 Index marketing 376 metaphor 38
Page 692 and 693: 660 Index inventory 5, 329 and entr
Page 696 and 697: 664 Index market research see marke
Page 698 and 699: 666 Index Montreux �Switzerland)
Page 700 and 701: 668 Index Okechuku, C. 119 Okrant,
Page 702 and 703: 670 Index Germany 253 Greece 262 Hu
Page 704 and 705: 672 Index ratio analysis 112, 487±
Page 706 and 707: 674 Index restaurant 507±8 classif
Page 708 and 709: 676 Index 157, 253±4, 277, 329±30
Page 710 and 711: 678 Index and conservation 103 and
Page 712 and 713: 680 Index Asia Pacific Tourism Asso
Page 714 and 715: 682 Index vision quest 484±5 Visio
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