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each point; �4) establish procedures for the
monitoring and controlling of all critical control
points; �5) identify corrective action for situation
outside the defined tolerances; �6) establish a
formal system of record keeping of all monitoring
stages; and �7) establish conformance testing and
audit procedures to validate the system.
References
Marriott, N.D. �1994) Principles of Food Sanitation, 3rd
edn, New York: Chapman and Hall.
Further reading
Cliver, D.O. �1990) Foodborne Diseases, San Diego:
Academic Press.
HCIMA �1995) Hazard Analysis and Critical Control
Points �HACCP), Technical Brief No. 5, London:
Hotel & Catering International Management
Association.
satellite account
DAVID KIRK, UK
A tourism satellite account describes the structure
of the industry in a nation, measures its economic
size, and serves as an information system to collect
and interrelate statistics describing potentially all
quantifiable data related to it. The term `satellite'
refers to the fact that the account is a subset of a
nation's input±output accounts, which detail the
values of each commodity produced and consumed
by each separate industry.
A complication is that tourism commodities,
such as restaurant meals, are consumed by both
tourists and residents; the former also consume
non-tourism commodities such as clothing. One
cannot simply identify any set of industries and
aggregate their statistics to describe a nation's
tourism activity. Using data derived from consumer
and business surveys, a satellite account identifies
the portion of outputs from both tourism and nontourism
businesses consumed by tourists.
When fully developed, this satellite account
consists of four levels: financial data related to the
supply and demand of commodities; activities
supported by these financial flows, such as tourist
numbers; characterisation data of those activities
such as tourist demographics; and planning and
policy-related data such as the rates of tourism
business failures. A significant feature of the
account is that it is governed by the rigorous rules
of national accounting systems. This ensures that
its statistics are as credible, consistent and balanced
as data for any other industry.
The concept of a tourism satellite account first
appeared in the mid-1980s. Macro-economists in
Canada, France, Spain and Sweden developed
their own interpretations of the concept. The socalled
`Canadian model' is the most inclusive
interpretation in that it incorporates all four data
levels described here. Satellite accounts are the
`cutting edge' of tools to measure the structure and
size of tourism in a country and add credibility to
the field.
See also: balance of payment; economics;
industry
Further reading
Lapierre, J. and Hayes, D. �1994) `The tourism
satellite account', National Income and Expenditure
Accounts, Second Quarter 13±001: xxxiii±xiviii.
�Explains the principles and conventions used in
developing a satellite account and presents core
data.)
National Task Force on Tourism Data �1987)
Tourism Satellite Account:Working Paper No.3,
Ottawa: Statistics Canada.
Smith, S.L.J. �1995) `The tourism satellite account:
perspectives of Canadian tourism associations
and organisations', Tourism Economics 1: 225±44.
�Describes the relevance and limitation presented
by the account in the context of
individual organisations.)
satisfaction
satisfaction 519
STEPHEN SMITH, CANADA
Motivation, personality, attitude, expectations,
perceptions and stereotyping are significant variables
in setting goals, influencing choices and
decisions about destinations, accommodation,