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228 film
Further reading
Goldberg, A. �1983) `Identity and experience in
Haitian voodoo shows', Annals of Tourism Research
10�4): 479±95.
Greenwood, D.J. �1989) `Culture by the pound: an
anthropological perspective on tourism as cultural
commoditization', in V. Smith �ed.), Hosts
and Guests:The Anthropology of Tourism, 2nd edn,
Philadelphia: Pennsylvania University Press.
Nolan, M.L. and Nolan, S. �1992) `Religious sites
as tourism attractions', Annals of Tourism Research
19�1): 68±78.
VukonicÂ, B. �1996) Tourism and Religion, Oxford:
Pergamon Press.
film
BORIS VUKONIC Â ,CROATIA
Louis and Auguste LumieÁre's invention of the
cineÂmatographe in 1895 marks the beginning of
cinema. The LumieÁres premiered the first commercial
film to a paying audience, Workers Leaving
the LumieÁre Factory, on 18 December 1895. From the
beginning, there were intimations of film's potential
role in the tourism industry. At the 1900 Universal
Exposition in Paris, Louis LumieÁre's projection of
fifteen films for a twenty-five-minute programme
on a 25 15 meter screen to an audience of
25,000 was a notable attraction. The 1903 St
Louis Exposition showcased Hales Tours and Scenes of
the World, an attraction which showed at freestanding
venues from 1903 to 1909. Audiences
seated in train coach replicas watched famous
scenes from around the world linked together with
footage of oncoming rail tracks.
Film's greatest impacts on tourism today lie not
within the area in which it first gained audience
favour ± its ability to capture scenes from reality, as
in the `actuality' films of LumieÁre and others ± but
rather in its ability to render as `real' the imaginary.
Film today as a multidimensional force has proven
its ability in creating destination awareness,
transforming ordinary places into attractions, and
as an organising principle for themed parks.
The Australian film Crocodile Dundee illustrates
the medium's ability to generate destination
awareness. Following its release in 1986, Australia
achieved the greatest increase in tourist arrivals
for any developed country in 1987. The Northern
Territories of Australia were inundated with
American tourists anxious to visit the Kadadu
National Park and other locales shown in the film.
More than thirty years after the 1964 release of the
film The Sound of Music, visitors to Salzburg in
Austria can still take a 3±4 hour tour called the
`Sound of Music Tour' and visit Schloss Frohnburg,
a seventeenth-century country house used as the
home of the von Trapp family. Austrian consulgenerals
have repeatedly credited this American
film with having done more for promoting Austria
to foreign tourists than any other form of publicity.
In San Francisco, tourists buses stop at the City
Hall not only because it is one of the finest
examples of French Renaissance architecture in
America, but also for its associations with the Dirty
Harry character portrayed by Clint Eastwood and
the 1985 James Bond film A View to a Kill.
The London Film Commission has indicated
that `tourism has increased by over 20 per cent a
year following the success of a major film'.
Acknowledging this, convention and visitors bureaus
routinely have staff specifically tasked with
accommodating film scouts searching for filming
locations. The guidebook Shot On This Site directs
movie-goers to locales used in their favourite films.
National tourism organisations or authorities also
produce their own films for use in media
campaigns and as sales and training tools.
Film studios are attractions in their own right.
Tourists to Bombay, the centre for India's Hindi
movie industry, can take special tours during the
production of a movie. In Taipei, Taiwan, there are
tours of the Central Movie Studios where sets of
ancient Chinese houses and streets are still used in
television productions. Hollywood movie studios
such as Universal have long used their film and
television studios as a tourism attraction. Disney,
MGM Studios, Warner Brothers and Universal
have capitalised on the interest in the film by using
characters and scenes from films and aspects of film
making as an organising theme for their theme
parks in California, Florida, Australia's Gold
Coast, Paris, DuÈsseldorf and Tokyo.
The Cannes Film Festival, fifty years old in
1997, was originally founded with the intent of
fostering tourism. Now mainly a film industry and