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in such enclaves have no need to leave the complex
as food, drink, and entertainment are provided by
the resort. At all-inclusive resorts, such as Club
Med, almost all daily needs and amenities are
included in the overall price. Many enclave resorts
in Third World destinations are associated with `4-
S tourism' �sun, sand, sea and sex) and are
exemplified by the Gulf and Western-owned Casa
de Campo resort in La Romana, Dominican
Republic, which is regarded as one of the
prototypes of enclave tourism in the Caribbean.
Enclave tourism has been studied from several
perspectives, notably its role in economic development
and social impacts. Resort enclaves in
developing countries have traditionally been developed
and owned by multinational firms, and
thus the local economic benefits have been low.
Whereas foreign corporations have the capital to
develop tourism facilities as well as the ability to
bring in tourists by tapping into established
marketing linkages, profits are subsequently
taken out of the host country and there is little
`trickle down' into the local economy. In economic
terms, enclave tourism has been described in terms
of both vertical integration practices and also
dependency theory.
Enclave tourism allows virtually no host±guest
interactions �see host and guest) and this has led
to resentment by both the local population and the
broader national community. Except for lowlevel
resort staff and wealthier residents, the local
population is generally banned from the resort
complex premises. Enclave guests are segregated
from the local culture and are especially shielded
from the local informal sector which includes
vendors, hustlers, drug dealers and prostitutes. At
the local level, such segregation not only creates a
wall between host and guest but also precludes
economic benefits from filtering into the community.
At the national level, such segregation is often
regarded by the native population as a form of
neo-colonialism. In a typological analysis of
seaside resorts, an `interactive' enclave resort
category was recognised, in which tourists did
experience a limited amount of interaction with the
local population and levels of local resentment
were lower than those surrounding totally selfcontained
complexes.
Further reading
Britton, S.G. �1982) `The political economy of
tourism in the Third World', Annals of Tourism
Research 9�3): 331±38.
Debbage, K.G. �1990) `Oligopoly and the resort
cycle in the Bahamas', Annals of Tourism Research
17: 513±27.
Meyer-Arendt, K.J., Sambrook, R.A. and Kermath,
B.M. �1992) `Seaside resorts in the
Dominican Republic: a typology', Journal of
Geography 91: 219±25.
encounter
KLAUS J. MEYER-ARENDT, USA
Encounters occur where two or more different
individuals, groups or populations meet. In tourism,
encounters are often distinct cultural `meetings'
typified by a limited width of contact and
transience of host and guest interactivity. They
are frequently characterised by the extreme incongruity
of the tourist's wealth, the poverty of his/her
awareness of local society, and the exotic objectification
and commodified consumption involved
�see commercialisation; exoticism).
energy
energy 191
KEITH HOLLINSHEAD, UK
Energy drives the basic ecological systems that
constitute the earth's biosphere, and it is the
harnessing of animate energy �through living
organisms) and the utilisation of inanimate energy
�from non-living matter) that has made possible the
progress of human society. As concern grows over
the long-term sustainability of reserves, attention is
being focused on renewable sources of energy and
energy conservation. Tourism as a conspicuous
user of energy is also expected to address these
possibilities.
Renewable sources of energy include direct solar
energy �radiation from the sun), indirect solar
energy �wind, wave, hydro, biomass), geothermal
energy and gravitational �tidal) energy. Apart from
direct solar energy and possibly limited use of wind