Untitled

Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues,
Chichester: Wiley, 12±22.
YOEL MANSFELD, ISRAEL
segmentation see market segmentation
segmentation, a posteriori
A variant of market segmentation used in
tourism and other businesses, where the number,
size and structure of sub-markets is initially
unknown. Instead, it is hypothesised that a
market contains sub-groups of individuals who
are homogeneous in terms of activities, motives,
attitudes or other psychographics and
behavioural characteristics �see behaviour).
Subsequent analysis �see cluster analysis;
discriminant analysis; neurocomputing)
assists in checking this assumption and examining
its consequences for purchasing behaviour.
segmentation, a priori
JOSEF A. MAZANEC, AUSTRIA
A variant of market segmentation where a
dominant characteristic of buyer subgroups is fixed
in advance. It is predetermined by the marketing
objective, which defines a priority of the target
segments to reach via selective market operation
�such as first-time visitors or travellers on a short
trip). Subsequent analysis �see automatic interaction
detection; discriminant analysis)
assists in finding correlates �such as demographic,
socioeconomic and other behaviour criteria) of
the main classifier for better reachability through
mass media and distribution channels.
self-actualisation
JOSEF A. MAZANEC, AUSTRIA
In the tourism motivation literature built on
Maslow's ideas, the complex motivation of selfactualisation
is identified. This term refers to tourists
who experience peace, inner harmony and profound
satisfaction with themselves and the places they
visit. It is a sophisticated mental state reflecting
personal fulfilment, and only a limited number of
tourists strive for or achieve such feelings.
self-discovery
PHILIP L. PEARCE, AUSTRALIA
One outcome of vacationing may be self-discovery,
that is the generation of new insights about the
holiday taker's own personality and behaviour.
Self-discovery, like self-actualisation, is best
described as an incidental outcome of tourism
rather than a motive which actively drives
behaviour. Occasionally, tourism operations focus
on self-discovery tours aimed at those seeking lifechanging
or personally insightful experiences.
semiotics
semiotics 525
PHILIP L. PEARCE, AUSTRALIA
Semiotics incorporates all forms and systems of
communication as its domain. The central idea in
semiotics is a conception of the sign which is
defined as a bond between a signifier and a
signified. Examples are many: they include the
bond that exists between a sound �signifier) and its
meaning �signified) for words spoken in a given
language, or between marks on the page and
meaning in the case of written language, or the
conventional agreement that the colour red
�signifier) stands for danger �signified) in some
communities. Semiotic research involves the study
of conventions, codes, syntactical and semantic
elements, and logic; in short, all the mechanisms
which serve to produce and obscure meanings and
to change meanings in sign systems. Semiotics is
the only method of inquiry into the nature of
comm-9unication which does not necessarily presuppose
intersubjective agreement as a condition
for `meaningful' communication. Communication
occurs across cultural and language boundaries,
between humans and animals or humans and
machines and so on. Semioticians assume that signs
can be exchanged among multiple subjectivities.