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change in the volume of transactions as a result of
one unit change in tourism expenditure. The
second, output multipliers, relates to the effect of
one unit of expenditure upon the level of output
within the economy. The third, income multipliers,
refers to the shift in local income created as
a result of a change of one unit in tourism
spending. The income encompasses all its forms,
including wages, salaries, profits, rent and interest,
but does not include those which are repatriated
to persons or businesses outside the economy in
question. The fourth, employment multipliers,
refers to the effect upon the number of jobs
available that are supported by a given amount of
spending. These multipliers are generally expressed
with respect to changes in spending
greater than unity because of the magnitude of
the multiplier values. Fianlly, government revenue
multipliers, refer to the changes in government
revenue from all sources created by a unit change
in tourism spending.
It should also be noted that changes in tourism
spending also create predictable changes in the
volume of imported goods and services. These can
be estimated in the same way as any of the other
economic indicators noted earlier. The multiplier
concept is an invaluable tool for use by those
involved in the policy formulation and planning of
tourism development. Multiplier values will
provide information relating to human resource
requirements, government revenue, imports and
income level changes that are essential if tourism is
going to be developed and maintained in an
optimal fashion.
Further reading
Fletcher, J.E. �1993) `Input±output analysis', in S.
Witt and L. Moutinho �eds), The Tourism Marketing
and Management Handbook, 2nd edn, Hemel
Hempstead: Prentice-Hall, 480±5.
Fletcher, J.E. and Archer, B.H. �1991) `The
development and application of multiplier analysis',
in J. Fletcher �ed.), Progress in Tourism and
Recreational Research, London: Francis Pinter, 28±
48.
JOHN FLETCHER, UK
museum
Museums are institutions for the collection,
preservation, exhibition and explanation of cultural
and natural phenomena. Typically they focus on
culturally defined branches of knowledge such as
art, history, religion, geography and natural
history. These institutions overlap with natural,
cultural and ethnic interpretative centres and ecomuseums;
with places of entertainment such as wax
museums, Disneyland or Universal Studios; with
zoological and horticultural gardens; and with
preserved landscapes such as archaeological
sites, architectural monuments and natural parks
and reserves.
Museums and tourism have much in common
both intellectually and historically. In their Western
forms �modern Asian tourism stems more directly
from pilgrimages), both tourism and museums
started as privileges of the nobility and upper
classes as post-Renaissance phenomena for `knowing
the world', in the forms of the Grand Tour for
northern Europeans, and cabinets of curiosity
where the European elite accumulated, classified
and displayed natural and artificial wonders
gathered in their expansionist world.
The mercantile system increased wealth so that
both tourism and museums broadened their
clientele. More rich people travelled and museums
became the property of the rich as well as the
nobility and, starting with the Ashmolean Museum
at Oxford in 1683, of educational and scientific
bodies. In the nineteenth century, the industrial
revolution saw the decline of aristocracy and the
growing wealth of entrepreneurs. Tourism became
more routinised and, with the advent of steampowered
transportation and the commercial
successes of Thomas Cook, it expanded its
geographical scope and was opened up to the
majority of the middle classes. In the meantime,
museums became national, regional and municipal
institutions, open to all the public and increasingly
allied to the democratisation of education. The
twentieth century expanded on these trends.
Universal education was extended to most of the
world. Since the Second World War, greater
affluence and better transportation have enabled
most middle-class people to travel internationally.
Museums have multiplied tenfold to one hundred-