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320 International Civil Aviation Organisation
cial Freedoms include the right of a commercial
airline to carry fare-paying passengers from the
home country to a second country �the third
freedom). The next freedom is the right of a
commercial airline to carry fare-paying passengers
from another country to the home country. These
last two freedoms are often called `out and back'
rights. The fifth freedom is the right of a
commercial airline to carry fare-paying passengers
to/from a third country as part of service between
the home country and a second country. There
are various forms of fifth freedom rights; an
airline has full fifth freedom rights if the airline
can pick up and discharge passengers on any
flight sector. If the airline is not permitted to carry
local traffic between the two foreign nations, this
is known as limited fifth freedom rights, with the
segment between the two nations known as a
`blind sector'.
There are three more freedoms. The sixth
freedom is the right of a commercial airline to
carry fare-paying passengers between two other
countries via a flight that transits the home country.
The next one is the right of a commercial airline to
carry fare-paying passengers between two other
countries without flying via the home country. The
final freedom is the right of a commercial airline to
carry fare-paying passengers between two points in
another country �sometimes known as cabotage
rights).
See also: deregulation, airline; international
aviation liberalisation
Further reading
Gidwitz, B. �1980) The Politics of International Air
Transportation, Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and
Co. �Discusses international aviation policy, with
chapter 6 being on aviation bilaterals.)
Hanlon, P. �1996) Global Airlines:Competition in a
Transnational Industry, Oxford: Butterworth-
Heinemann. �Chapter 4 contains a discussion
of the eight freedoms.)
FREDRICK M. COLLISON, USA
International Civil Aviation
Organisation
The International Civil Aviation Organisation
�ICAO) is a United Nations-related organisation
that encourages the development and application
of quality air travel. Established in 1944, this is a
specialised agency of the United Nations, whose
purpose was set forth at the Chicago Convention
which was originally signed by fifty-two countries.
The Convention agreed on certain principles and
arrangements in order that civil aviation might be
developed in a safe and orderly manner and that
international services might be established on the
basis of equality of opportunity and operated
soundly and economically. Although responsible
for developing international rules governing all
areas of civil aviation, ICAO essentially exists to
allow anyone to fly safely and comfortably in a
commercial aircraft anywhere in the world.
The specific goals of ICAO include facilitation
of civil air travel by reducing the obstacles placed
on the passage of people and cargo across
international borders by immigration, customs
and public health; the establishment of international
air transport that is based on equality of
opportunity and operated both soundly and
economically; the standardisation of each
technical field within aviation; the development of
technical cooperation that will assist developing
countries in their opportunities for access to safe
civil aviation; regional planning for aviation
problems that cannot be dealt with on a worldwide
scale; development of a standard code of international
air law which covers rules governing the
environment; and development of a satellite-based
system concept to meet the future communications,
navigation and surveillance/air traffic management
needs of civil aviation.
According to the terms of its constitution, ICAO
is made up of an Assembly, a Council of limited
membership with various subordinate bodies and a
Secretariat. The chief officers are President of the
Council and General Secretary. As the governing
body the Council gives continuing direction to the
work of ICAO. It is in the Council that standards