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The proper fit of these elements is essential in order
to shape an active, well-functioning organisation.
The degree of transformation involved in a new
operational design is determined by the degree of
alteration in strategic design. The final step is
implementation, which involves the actual execution
of new practices inserted into existing
organisational practices. For any organisational
design to be effective, appropriate monitoring
should be coupled with consistent management.
The tourism research community has had progress
in relation to this theme and its application in
various sectors of the industry.
Further reading
Nadler, D. A. and Tushman, M.L. �1997) Competing
by Design:The Power of Organisational Architecture,
New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pugh, D.S., Hickson, D.J., Hinings, C.R. and
Turner, C. �1969) `The context of organisation
structures', Administrative Science Quarterly 14: 91±
114.
KYUNG-HWAN KIM, KOREA
Organisation for Economic
Cooperation and Development
The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development �OECD), was transformed from an
earlier status in 1961 to achieve a sustainable
economic growth and employment and a high
standard of living in member countries; to
contribute to sound economic expansion in
member as well as non-member countries; and to
contribute to the expansion of world trade on a
multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in accordance
with international obligations. This agency
has a long history of being involved in the area of
tourism. Its headquarters are in Paris, France.
BONG-KOO LEE, USA
Organisation of American States
The Organisation of American States �OAS) is the
world's oldest regional organisation, dating back to
the First International Conference of American
States, held in Washington, DC from October 1889
to April 1890. This meeting approved the establishment
of the International Union of American
Republics. The Charter of the OAS was signed in
Bogota in 1948, and entered into force in December
1951. It has been amended several times, the latest
amendment being in 1996. The OAS currently has
thirty-five member states. In addition, it has granted
permanent observer status to thirty-seven states, as
well as the European Union.
The basic purposes of the OAS are to strengthen
the peace and security of the continent; to promote
and consolidate representative democracy, with
due respect for the principle of non-intervention; to
prevent possible causes of difficulties and to ensure
the settlement of disputes that may arise among the
member states; to provide for common action on
the part of those States in the event of aggression;
to seek the solution of political, juridical and
economic problems that may arise among them; to
promote, by cooperative action, their economic,
social and cultural development; and to achieve an
effective limitation of conventional weapons that
will make it possible to devote the largest amount
of resources to the economic and social development
of its members.
In June 1996, in recognition of the importance of
tourism in the hemisphere, in order to strengthen the
tourism group of the organisation, and their
activities in this industry, the Secretary General of
the OAS created the Inter-Sectoral Unit for
Tourism, responsible for matters directly related to
tourism and its development in the Western hemisphere.
The Inter-American Travel Congress was
established earlier, in 1939, to develop tourism in the
Americas, conduct technical studies and maintain
contact among government organisations and the
private sector. The headquarters of the OAS is
located in Washington, DC, USA.
orientalism
orientalism 419
TURGUT VAR, USA
Orientalism is a potent discourse which systematically
defines India/the Middle East/the Far East
as other than, and generally inferior to, the West.