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developing conceptual constructs. To perform its
role in the development of a theoretically integrated
and methodologically enriched multidisciplinary
body of knowledge, Annals publishes
manuscripts dealing with various aspects of the
tourism phenomenon. All manuscripts are refereed
anonymously �double blind) by at least three
reviewers from different disciplines. It regularly
publishes full-length articles �abstracts in English
and French), research notes and reports, comments
and reviews. First published in 1973, the journal is
published quarterly by Pergamon Press �ISSN
0160-7383).
anomie
RENE BARETJE, FRANCE
Anomie is a state of normlessness, powerlessness
and meaninglessness that pervades society, in
contrast to its effects on personality. It was
identified by the French sociologist Emile Durkheim
as leading in extreme cases to suicide. In
tourism research, anomie has been linked to
motivation, particularly among people whose
dearth of interpersonal contacts in the home
environment, such as the elderly, encourages them
to look for a sense of belonging elsewhere. It may
also be experienced by the relatively privileged who
do not perceive the need to seek enhanced status
through tourism �via `trip dropping', mixing with
the rich and famous and so on), but who instead
gain satisfaction from well-tried solutions �repeat
vacationers) �see prestige).
Anomie is a push factor since it is found in the
home setting �see push±pull factors), although
pull factors of the destination can be promoted
as appealing to those who lack adequate communication
in their monotonous lives. Hence the
popularity of group pursuits �such as dancing,
bingo or coach tours) which emphasise the
communitarian aspects of touristic encounters,
and of activities which are presented as timeless
alternatives to the dull nine-to-five routine of the
factory or office.
However, anomie should not be confused with
alienation. The latter, attributed to Karl Marx,
refers to the estrangement undergone at the
individual level through relationships based on
forced labour. Here, a feeling of exploitation
derives from loss of creativity in the workplace,
thus rendering workers alienated from the product,
themselves, their species being, their colleagues and
the owners of the means of production. Where the
concept of strangeness is used in devising tourist
typologies, it is connected with the theorising of
Georg Simmel rather than that of Karl Marx �see
also typology, tourist).
Further reading
Dann, G. �1977) Ànomie, ego-enhancement and
tourism', Annals of Tourism Research 4: 184±94.
Durkheim, E. �1970) Suicide:A Study in Sociology,
trans. J. Spaulding and G. Simpson, London:
Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Antarctic tourism
GRAHAM M.S. DANN, UK
All touristic activities in Antarctica other than
those directly associated with scientific research
and the normal operations of government bases
are referred to as Antarctic tourism. This `new'
destination receives over 10,000 visitors per
annum, 90 per cent of whom arrive by sea.
Because of the extreme climatic conditions,
Antarctic tourism is highly seasonal �see seasonality)
and relatively expensive with safety and
environmental issues being major management
concerns. This development, similar to that of
Arctic tourism, is now receiving serious scholarly
attention.
anthropology
anthropology 23
C. MICHAEL HALL, NEW ZEALAND
Anthropology, a broad based discipline that studies
humankind in all places and times, can be
subdivided into physical, archaeological �see
archaeology), linguistic and sociocultural fields.
If the focus is on anthropology in tourism, aspects
of tourism sights, sites, behaviours and
relationships may be examined and understood