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equated with the `vision quest' itself �see symbolism). References Almagor, U. �1985) À tourist's ``vision quest'' in an African game reserve', Annals of Tourism Research 12�1): 31±47. Cohen, E. �1979) À phenomenology of tourist experiences', Sociology 13: 179±201. MacCannell, D. �1989) The Tourist:A New Theory of the Leisure Class, 2nd edn, New York: Schocken Books. Further reading Smith, V. �1992) Ìntroduction: the quest in guest', Annals of Tourism Research 19�1): 1-17. quick service see fast food quest 485 DAVID J. TELFER, CANADA
R race Racial identity, including appearance, language, religion or other ascribed characteristics, affects the lives of millions of people who are forced to define and even defend themselves in relation to it. Identity and the privileged meanings of it form the social core of all human groups. Humans exert control over others by utilising socially constructed images and terms in language and behaviour to create hierarchy and legitimise actions. Thus, race is a cultural notion applied and used in specific ways to structure, legitimise or reproduce political and economic conditions and relationships. Tourism development has had far reaching effects on the construction of race and experience of racism. Racial constructs are often used to legitimise efforts to gain control of land, labour and resources of peripheral peoples. Resources formerly used to support traditional activities and sustain the household and community are redefined as commodities supporting growth in the national and global economy. Traditional beliefs, actions and endeavours are termed `primitive' or `backwards', and imposed tourism projects and activities represent `progress'. Resident peoples are described in racial and subservient terms, legitimising their low status and place in the socioeconomic hierarchy of an international tourism economy. Tourism based on the exploration of exotic differences can stimulate cultural revitalisation and enhance the relative position and power of minorities. Racism can be a tourism commodity, with tourists exploring, for example, the historical experience and struggles against slavery and segregation. More typically, the sharp contrasts in the tourism experience ± between residents and visitors, those who serve and are served, and those with money and those who work for wages ± underscores the various divisions in society, emphasising and at times exacerbating racism and other forms of inequality. See also: commoditisation; ethnic group; ethnic tourism; exoticism Further reading Bolles, A.L. �1994) `Sand, sea and the forbidden', Transforming Anthropology 3�1): 30±4. �Analyses race, class and gender dimensions of Jamaican tourism, challenging the notion of the òppressed' as a passive victim.) Harrison, F.V. �1995) `The persistent power of ``race'' in the cultural and political economy of racism', Annual Review of Anthropology 24: 47±74. �A critical review of anthropological discourse on race.) Olwig, K.F. �1985) Cultural Adaptation and Resistance on St. John:Three Centuries of Afro-Caribbean Life, Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press. �A history of St John, including the impacts of National Park and related tourism development on demography, identity and race relations.) BARBARA ROSE JOHNSTON, USA
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Chief editor Jafar Jafari Universit
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viii List of contributors Frances B
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x List of contributors Peter Grabow
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xii List of contributors Andrew Loc
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xiv List of contributors Robert A.
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xvi List of contributors Betty Weil
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xviii Introduction mission-driven c
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xx Introduction receiving countries
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xxii Introduction why in this early
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Writing a full and fair acknowledge
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xxvi Entry list bar Barbados bed an
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xxviii Entry list ecoresort ecotour
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xxx Entry list industrial tourism i
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xxxii Entry list New Zealand non-di
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xxxiv Entry list service quality se
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Aborigine Having reviewed research
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initial phase in a developing econo
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Capital expenditure results in the
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evolving �autonomous) cultural sy
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their social practices and the cont
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not always a concern since they are
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The image technique with a linkage-
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than monocultures. Furthermore, it
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airline Airlines �air carriers) p
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See also: drinking; licensing Furth
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àlternative' philosophy can be exp
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developing conceptual constructs. T
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since the 1970s have been from this
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anti-tourism Anti-tourism is a gene
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guards and restricting access. Whil
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a much-needed source of local incom
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Association Internationale d'Expert
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attitudes. Contemporary thinking ab
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of the former include special struc
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with the work of Heider, who noted
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The real picture is in stark contra
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tourism originating in the Americas
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Fourth is the critical approach. Su
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interface ensures that such applica
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foreign investment) triggered by fa
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locations provide opportunities tha
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Mishan, E.J. �ed.) �1994) Cost
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eserved for national or regional to
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the figures for 1986 and 1987. Howe
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strategies or modes of presentation
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necessary when actual results vary
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Burnout Inventory Manual, 2nd edn,
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cafeteria A cafeteria is a self-ser
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the United States, although this pe
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down places. Their lower prices ten
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cannot be an anchor until there has
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ship between number of users �den
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ased on theoretical reasoning which
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of their home countries, and it is
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4.52 million departures with a 21 p
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sources such as grants, membership,
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they will have to pay. It is also a
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as a separate classification becaus
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code in their reservation systems t
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contracts. Such statements insure m
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things/events/places/narratives bec
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mix that includes multiple media an
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esidents. This emergent industry is
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tend to specialise in the productio
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of costs or being a cost leader imp
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and a rigorous test to gain admissi
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Veblen, T. �1970 [1899]) The Theo
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not reflect the characteristics of
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were changing in time. After the wa
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Linked to this evolution, host comm
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enefits, costs and spin-offs whethe
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fully chosen, implemented and carri
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usinesses, then the corporate struc
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afting and river cruising opportuni
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cross-cultural education Cross-cult
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studies of the differential impact
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architectural heritage. The governm
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or over primal peoples. First, prim
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may be trying to understand the str
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organisation perpetuates its cultur
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arts and crafts of Native peoples a
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$3.7 billion. The average number of
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combine his experience and intuitio
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measured by the amount of money spe
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season and staggering school holida
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demonstration effects. With the dev
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Asia and Latin America. One could a
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attractions. They include basic inf
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destination management. DMOs have b
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intervene in the economic and socia
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network of classifications that nor
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organisational norms and standards.
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distance decay There are costs invo
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operators and travel agencies that
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`discover' or connect to the essent
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of the population, and the proporti
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local governments. Given the nature
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Samuelson, P.A. and Nordhaus, W.D.
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and on-the-job capabilities of all
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and a number of elective courses th
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potential inefficiency. There are f
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feasibility of the start-up and ope
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include how to communicate the theo
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�Cooper and Westlake 1989). The u
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working skills for tourism and its
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time or inclination to develop expe
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programme emphasises general manage
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most common forms of recreation for
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some fifteen universities and more
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Science, University of Colorado.
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in such enclaves have no need to le
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See also: culture broker; education
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Congestion and overtaxing of infras
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overview of research in the physica
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cesses for meeting regulatory requi
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eroticism This term captures the se
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English, French, German and Portugu
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does lead to standardised attractio
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ethnicity changes in association wi
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Therefore, it is surprising that th
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Reference Boorstin, D. �1961) The
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excursion An excursion is a short p
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See also: cross-cultural management
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esearcher participating in and faci
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facilitation The concept of facilit
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hand, factor analysis provides for
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authors �Garcia-Ramon et al. 1995
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concept, number and type of hotel r
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mine what is meaningful to them. In
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press event, French officials estim
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The tourism industry is well develo
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used grease are also subtracted fro
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attempt to isolate and measure thos
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either on a regional basis �as wi
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diversified in terms of different c
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succeed in the United States, compa
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gambling Gambling is an activity th
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game park reserve Game park reserve
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characteristics laid down by their
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usually considered to be an object-
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employing a framework based on supp
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margins and causing some high-profi
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tourism) cannot be adequately studi
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y business travel and travel by per
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and Political Analysis, Cambridge:
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visitors through modern equivalents
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for low-income domestic tourists, t
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Tourism in Islands and Small States
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tality to guests is based on rules
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feature of Murray was the commitmen
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gender, ethnicity, employment and t
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elated problems which includes the
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hedonism Hedonism is the unbridled
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The Natural and Built Environment,
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The other main strand of tourism hi
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and a second generation of camps wh
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y advancing tourism development in
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y the nobility suddenly found they
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German gast: stranger, foreigner, e
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education courses or training modul
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humour Humour refers to a sense of
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iconography Illustration by visual
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of the ideology of the picturesque
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are often positive and the environm
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improving environmental performance
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marking. Successful implementation
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doubling of passenger transport out
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Spice Islands ± have occupied a sp
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References Leiper, N. �1995) Tour
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property management system used in
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economic sectors, takes the ad hoc
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esearch, advancement of knowledge i
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International Academy for the Study
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treaties are still governed by thes
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power to the community, a concept t
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and recommended practices are adopt
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International Society of Travel and
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erally did not mind using local tou
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Internet The Internet is a public c
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intervening opportunity Destination
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investment can include increases in
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acts'. in A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld
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unique feature. Despite this, touri
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Further reading Ministry of Transpo
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perspectives, including those of th
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igour. The main sectors covered by
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Kaabah The Kaabah is a cube-shaped
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at the bottom of the knowledge acqu
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and elsewhere, obviously have had d
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variety of offerings and niche mark
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financial and human resources. Ther
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schemes in all sectors of tourism,
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and 1970s. He conceived leisure as
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liberalisation see international av
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lifestyle The concept of lifestyle
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nity, location, place or area. The
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een the formalisation of the concep
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ludic The ludic aspects of tourism
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The new Kuala Lumpur International
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culture, geography, fantasy and oth
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and procedures, project design and
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Philadelphia: University of Pennsyl
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segmentation'. It considers consume
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the producer±consumer relationship
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tions, mostly funded by governments
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concerns the location of an attract
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determinants of brand choice, situa
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promotion tends to be dominated by
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independent meeting planners, perfo
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evenues are added, total tourism re
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eligious marker, are fewer in numbe
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motivation According to the sociolo
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ut nonetheless highly germane facto
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several days or weeks. Another purp
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in order to determine the total eco
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fold worldwide, and they have becom
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prehistorical �the river from whi
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guides in Singapore', Journal of Cu
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National parks and other protected
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shop postcards consisting of photog
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litan areas are of this kind, and i
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een trained it is ready for use in
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any formal association that is neit
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occupancy rate A tourism business o
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The proper fit of these elements is
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esources because the viability of t
Page 456 and 457:
Pacific Asia Travel Association The
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two weeks of paid holiday. The 1938
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alised than conventional forms such
Page 462 and 463:
Local tourism authorities, boards a
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perception see advertising; anticip
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programme, towards meeting stated g
Page 468 and 469: Further reading Assael, H. �1993)
Page 470 and 471: of an integrated national developme
Page 472 and 473: significance contains historic and/
Page 474 and 475: portation and support networks, is
Page 476 and 477: the attainment of specific goals
Page 478 and 479: still a larger volume of internatio
Page 480 and 481: overall structure of the argument o
Page 482 and 483: sophistication of international tou
Page 484 and 485: eferendum on a hotel tax, azoning m
Page 486 and 487: accommodation may be unavailable, o
Page 488 and 489: thirteenth century, and was well kn
Page 490 and 491: address to which it has been sent,
Page 492 and 493: and environmental information at th
Page 494 and 495: principal components analysis Princ
Page 496 and 497: overall experience consisting of fi
Page 498 and 499: productivity in respect of one inpu
Page 500 and 501: occur in the related independent va
Page 502 and 503: elieved that place management is a
Page 504 and 505: mainly for non-leisure purposes, of
Page 506 and 507: and economists. The strong hypothet
Page 508 and 509: input into such decisions and it ha
Page 510 and 511: purpose Purpose of tourism normally
Page 512 and 513: hand, this situation demands that t
Page 514 and 515: quality of the environment. In the
Page 516 and 517: schedule business meetings without
Page 520 and 521: adio Radio is an underrated medium
Page 522 and 523: these terms emphasise a human and a
Page 524 and 525: ecreation centre Within a resort, a
Page 526 and 527: ecreational geography see geography
Page 528 and 529: within a state, province or territo
Page 530 and 531: elics Relics are objects venerated
Page 532 and 533: esponsibility' of the participants,
Page 534 and 535: a limited period of time. Rented fa
Page 536 and 537: esort A definition of resorts shoul
Page 538 and 539: 1930s, but not until the 1970s did
Page 540 and 541: society �see postmodernism) that
Page 542 and 543: hetoric In the late twentieth centu
Page 544 and 545: of the transition rite, the stage w
Page 546 and 547: A role can be defined by the rules
Page 548 and 549: Abandoned buildings in declining vi
Page 550 and 551: sacred journey In common usage `sac
Page 552 and 553: each point; �4) establish procedu
Page 554 and 555: scenic drive A scenic drive is a ro
Page 556 and 557: feature of the elite of many countr
Page 558 and 559: Tourism, Crime and International Se
Page 560 and 561: the human subject. The global syste
Page 562 and 563: tourism represents over 10 per cent
Page 564 and 565: etween tourism and prostitution are
Page 566 and 567: shrine A shrine is an object or pla
Page 568 and 569:
Hawkes, T. �1977) Structuralism a
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sites, biblical Biblical sites are
Page 572 and 573:
elationships to family members �i
Page 574 and 575:
social recreation Leisure activitie
Page 576 and 577:
provider behaviours that establish
Page 578 and 579:
destination, their quest is frustra
Page 580 and 581:
Watson, G.L. and Kopachevsky, J.P.
Page 582 and 583:
a religious meaning, and are thus u
Page 584 and 585:
market share and facing severe prob
Page 586 and 587:
sector, including creation of media
Page 588 and 589:
purpose. Eventually, the picturesqu
Page 590 and 591:
quantitatively. The mean, median an
Page 592 and 593:
another climate. Nevertheless, they
Page 594 and 595:
oader macroenvironment �demograph
Page 596 and 597:
tourism studies owes most to the wr
Page 598 and 599:
many tourism businesses may be bett
Page 600 and 601:
Further reading Chadwick, R.A. �1
Page 602 and 603:
have succeeded in improving the int
Page 604 and 605:
ings. An element is a component whi
Page 606 and 607:
property, while indirect taxes are
Page 608 and 609:
While it provides the means to crea
Page 610 and 611:
to France, but its economic conditi
Page 612 and 613:
and carnivals. The contribution of
Page 614 and 615:
ecord of a person's use of time. Th
Page 616 and 617:
operator or other supplier, usually
Page 618 and 619:
in marketing products and to guaran
Page 620 and 621:
fragmentation and the spatial separ
Page 622 and 623:
tourism system The concept of a tou
Page 624 and 625:
central elements are sights, sites,
Page 626 and 627:
scientific and the unashamedly roma
Page 628 and 629:
involves a series of transactions.
Page 630 and 631:
type of road. With off-road vehicle
Page 632 and 633:
carriers in particular markets. Mos
Page 634 and 635:
others by those who claim superior
Page 636 and 637:
the production of guidebooks for me
Page 638 and 639:
Further reading Edgell, D.L. �199
Page 640 and 641:
y establishing successful hotel/res
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1988). Graburn �1983) differentia
Page 644 and 645:
tion) might be international in sco
Page 646 and 647:
ecognition of the severe impact of
Page 648 and 649:
ing immigrants to the United States
Page 650 and 651:
The combination of sustainable deve
Page 652 and 653:
vacationscape The term `vacationsca
Page 654 and 655:
present somewhere remotely, rather
Page 656 and 657:
References Andregnette, P. �1995)
Page 658 and 659:
In war-torn areas, mere prospects f
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1980s. At an earlier time, the Fren
Page 662 and 663:
World Tourism Organization The Worl
Page 664 and 665:
ÐÐ �1996) Educating the Educato
Page 666 and 667:
yield management The concept of max
Page 668 and 669:
zoning Zoning, as it is popularly c
Page 670 and 671:
638 Index achievement 7±8 acquisit
Page 672 and 673:
640 Index asset management 32 cash
Page 674 and 675:
642 Index British Hospitality Assoc
Page 676 and 677:
644 Index environmental 86±7 see a
Page 678 and 679:
646 Index craft see handicrafts Cra
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648 Index research 217 design of or
Page 682 and 683:
650 Index role of tourism 250, 452
Page 684 and 685:
652 Index environmental valuation 2
Page 686 and 687:
654 Index and currency smuggling 53
Page 688 and 689:
656 Index Havana Convention �on i
Page 690 and 691:
658 Index marketing 376 metaphor 38
Page 692 and 693:
660 Index inventory 5, 329 and entr
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662 Index paid holidays 281, 425 Ru
Page 696 and 697:
664 Index market research see marke
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666 Index Montreux �Switzerland)
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668 Index Okechuku, C. 119 Okrant,
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670 Index Germany 253 Greece 262 Hu
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672 Index ratio analysis 112, 487±
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674 Index restaurant 507±8 classif
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676 Index 157, 253±4, 277, 329±30
Page 710 and 711:
678 Index and conservation 103 and
Page 712 and 713:
680 Index Asia Pacific Tourism Asso
Page 714 and 715:
682 Index vision quest 484±5 Visio
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