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Spice Islands ± have occupied a special place in the
Western imagination. Even today, Bali is better
known to many as a destination than the country
itself. Indonesia's archipelago of more than 17,000
islands has a richness and diversity of natural
resources, including the astonishing change in the
species of wildlife that occurs between Bali and
Lombok islands, known as the Wallace Line. The
backbone of tourism products in Indonesia besides
tropical beaches is its cultural mix of Buddhism,
Hinduism, Islam and Christianity that flourishes
among its 200 million people. This is especially
evident in Java, with its UNESCO-designated
World Heritage Sites of the tenth-century Borobudur
and Prambanan temples.
Prior to 1969, the unstable political and
economic climate in Indonesia did not encourage
tourism development. However, under the `New
Order' government �1966±98), long-term planning
and a stable political and economic environment
transformed Indonesia. At the beginning of
the first five-year plan in 1969, 86,000 tourists
visited Indonesia; by 1997 the number had grown
to 5.1 million foreign tourists who spent $6.7
billion. Tourism planning was first introduced in
Indonesia in the 1970s with a master plan for Bali,
following which the government set up the Bali
Tourist Development Corporation. This was a
state company commissioned to build infrastructure,
promote a stronger image and encourage
investment in an enclave resort, Nusa Dua �see
enclave tourism). Today, extensive tourism
infrastructure can be found in major destinations.
By the mid-1990s, tourism had become Indonesia's
third most important source of foreign
revenue apart from oil. Projections suggest that by
the year 2005 it will reach the top position. To
accomplish this, a `Bali Plus Strategy' is being
implemented and twenty-three regional airports
are designated as international gateways. Asia
Pacific countries are Indonesia's logical future
tourism market and already provide 75 per cent
of all visitors. Some of the challenges facing
Indonesian tourism include location constraints,
regional imbalances, low volume, types of resources,
similar products from competing Southeast
Asian countries and an international image of
Indonesia that is political rather than a promotional
asset.
Further reading
Nuryanti, W. �1995) `Building on Indonesia's fifty
years of tourism', in A. Alatas Moerdiono and J.
Ave �eds), Indonesia:The First 50 Years, Singapore:
Archipelago Press, 201±4.
industrial recreation
WIENDUNURYANTI, INDONESIA
The integration of recreational activities and
facilities in the workplace is referred to as industrial
recreation. This may involve the social mingling of
management with workers, and most typically
occurs in companies advocating a relaxed work
atmosphere. Awareness of societal change and
special needs of groups such as shift workers has led
companies to increase the number of onsite
recreational facilities. Owners of office parks
increasingly also design recreational facilities into
the setting.
CHARLES S. JOHNSTON, NEW ZEALAND
industrial tourism
This form of tourism is concerned with visits to
contemporary industrial sites to see products
made, services delivered and the processes and
people involved. Using guided tours, viewing
galleries and purpose-built centres, visitors are
provided with insights into the workplace, and
companies can reap public relations benefits.
The range of industrial attractions is wide and
sites include factories, mining operations, power
stations, dairies, wineries and theatres.
industry
industry 305
MIKE ROBINSON, UK
For two hundred years, people in certain roles
have been described as tourists, and in those roles
have used various services supplied by businesses
and other organisations. However, the term
`tourism industry' only emerged in the 1960s.
One source for the new idea was the concept of