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tourism system
The concept of a tourism system was developed by
applying core ideas from systems theory. Two
levels of systems can be identified in these
applications. First, there are models of whole
tourism systems. These are an arrangement of all
the elements deemed necessary for tourism to
occur. Second, there are models for subthemes,
perceived in systemic terms.
Gunn's �1988) model of whole tourism systems
specifies five elements: information and direction,
tourists, transport, attractions, services and
facilities. In a diagram, this model has the first four
elements in a circle, with the attractions element
shown above the fifth element, the visual superiority
signifying relative importance. Jafari's �1989)
tourist model sets out six phases that occur in all
normal trips and as such are elementary: they are
corporation, expatriation, animation, repatriation,
incorporation and omission. The model has this
process in contexts of the ordinary world �routine)
and the non-ordinary world �during trips). Leiper's
�1995) model has a human element �tourists); three
geographical elements representing roles that
places have in all tourists' itineraries �generating
region, transit route and destination region);
and an organisational supportive element �tourism
industries). Various kinds of environments, such as
physical, social and economic, are shown around
the system. One diagram for this model is
ideographic, depicting itineraries; a second is
abstract, depicting heuristic perspectives.
See also: education; industry
References
Gunn, C. �1988) Vacationscape:Designing Tourist
Regions, 2nd edn, New York: Van Nostrand
Reinhold.
Jafari, J. �1989) `Structure of tourism', in S.F. Wit
and L. Moutinho �eds), Tourism Marketing and
Management Handbook, Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall, 437±42.
Leiper, N. �1995) Tourism Management, Melbourne:
RMIT Press.
Further reading
Leiper, N. �1990) `Tourist attraction systems', Annals
of Tourism Research 17: 367±84. �Shows how
attractions can be studied systematically, as
subsystems in all whole tourism systems.)
Romsa, G.H. and Blenman, E.H.M. �1987) `The
Prime Minister's dilemma', Annals of Tourism
Research 14: 240±253. �Tourism systems
dynamics help explain complex interrelationships
affecting political decisions.)
Sessa, A. �1988) `The science of systems for tourism
development', Annals of Tourism Research 15: 219±
35. �A systemic view of regional tourism.)
Tourisme
NEIL LEIPER, AUSTRALIA
Tourisme:SysteÁmes-Environnements-Cultures publishes in
French original research, analysis of current trends
and information on the planning and management
of various aspects of tourism. The journal
aims to emphasise the broadness and interrelatedness
of the industry, of interest to both academics
and practitioners. Articles may cover geography,
economics, law, transportation, hotels and
catering, sociology, anthropology, cultures,
marketing and development studies. Translated
studies not published in French before are
considered for publication. First appearing in 1993,
it is published annually by the Universite de
Toulouse le Mirail �ISSN 1250±5773).
tourist
tourist 589
RENE BARETJE, FRANCE
The term `tourist' was invented as an extension of
`tour ', which earlier had evolved to its modern
sense of a trip for pleasure. While `tour' has long
meant a circular trip, its modern sense ± a
pleasurable trip ± evolved only 270 years ago.
Daniel Defoe's book, A Tour Through The Whole
Island of Great Britain �1726), is an early sign of this
modern meaning, and the book, an instant bestseller,
helped promote it. Previously, motivations