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y advancing tourism development in the
world's pleasure peripheries.
homesickness
TOM SELWYN, UK
Homesickness is a form of culture shock
experienced in tourism caused by frustration and
misunderstanding of the norms and loss of control
in an unfamiliar destination setting. The person
wishes to be back in a familiar and secure home
culture. Homesickness is less common among
tourists than sojourners, due to their short stay,
little involvement with locals and tendency to seek
`differences' in host cultures.
homosexuality
ATSUKO HASHIMOTO, CANADA
Homosexual tourism has two components. The
first appeals solely to homosexuals. This is
illustrated by gay travel guides like Spartacus, Ferrari
for Men and Gia Pied, or by companies like Man
Around. The second appeals primarily to homosexuals
but also crosses into mainstream society
through gay and lesbian carnivals. San Francisco,
Auckland, and Sydney have `parades' which fit this
category.
Hong Kong
CHRIS RYAN, NEW ZEALAND
Formerly a British colony, Hong Kong became a
Special Administrative Region of the People's
Republic of China on 1 July 1997. Hong Kong is
the gateway to China for many tourists, a major
stopover and an aviation hub for Northeast Asia. In
recent years the gateway and stopover role has
expanded with the development of a new airport,
redevelopment of the main conference centre and
the construction of new hotels, with much of the
development being focused on the waterfront. In
addition, bus and rail transport infrastructure
has also been improved. With tourism receipts of
$9.7 billion, almost doubled from 1990, the
industry is a substantial contributor to the economy
and accounted for approximately 8 per cent of the
GDP in 1995.
In 1991 Hong Kong had over 6 million visitors.
By 1995 this figure had grown to over 10 million.
The majority of non-mainland China inbound
tourists are from Taiwan, Japan and Southeast
Asia. The United States is the major non-Asian
market. Approximately half of tourism expenditure
is on shopping, indicating its importance as an
attraction of visiting Hong Kong. With high
economic growth and increased personal disposable
income, Hong Kong has become a sought-after
tourism market. Outbound tourism grew at over 10
per cent per annum, between 1990 and 1996, with
trips to destinations other than Macau and China
growing by approximately 20 per cent per annum.
Over 3 million residents travelled overseas in 1996.
The relationship with China is critical to the
region's fortunes. The political unrest in China in
1989 had a dramatic affect on the Hong Kong
economy and on the tourism trade in particular.
Tourist arrivals fell by 4 per cent in 1989 to 5.5
million. The inbound situation in Hong Kong only
improved as political unrest in China died down,
leading to a growth in inbound to China and heavy
discounting on the part of hotels, tour operators
and airlines. Following the return to Chinese
sovereignty in 1997, the maintenance and promotion
of stability, security and safety and Hong
Kong's free economy are the key factors influencing
the future of its tourism industry.
Further reading
Hall, C.M. �1997) Tourism in the Pacific Rim:
Development, Impacts and Markets, 2nd edn, South
Melbourne: Addison-Wesley Longman.
Hobson, J.S.P. �1995) `Hong Kong: the transition to
1997', Tourism Management 16�1): 15±20.
C. MICHAEL HALL, NEW ZEALAND
horizontal integration
horizontal integration 283
Horizontal integration takes place when properties
in the same sector of the tourism industry, such as