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678 Index and conservation 103 and environmental education 181, 182 Charter �1995) 54 environmental audits 196 ecotourism 165±6 Journal of Sustainable Tourism 340 Kenya 344 management 492 resource evaluation 506 see also ecologically sustainable tourism Suzdal �Russia) 515 Sweden 568 Switzerland 269, 324, 542, 568±9 SWOT analysis 112, 300, 376, 463, 562, 569 Sydney �Australia) 41 symbiosis, and conservation 103 symbolism 511±12, 526, 569±70 of heritage 275 see also myth System One/Amadeus 254 systems theory 570±1, 589 and ecological economics 163 and multidisciplinary education 173±4 Tahiti 202 Taipei �Taiwan) 228 Taise 633 Taiwan 423, 572 talk see discourse TankovicÏ, Semso 270 Tanzania 11, 31 target marketing 375, 572 and image 295 Tatra mountains 444 tax 572±3 taxi 573, 596 Tayeb, M. 119 teacher education 573±5 Teare, Richard 55±6, 460 technology 574±5 aid to exploration 217 airline distribution systems 16 and airport congestion 17 and quality of service 556 and asset management 32 and Canadian tourism 68 and demand for accommodation 3 automation 46±7 human interface 217 virtual reality 620 see also information technology TEDQUAL 629±30 Tel Aviv �Israel) 332 telemarketing 152, 575 telemedicine 273 television 575 Telfer, David J. 153, 217±18, 325±6, 372±3, 484±5 Teoros 575 terrorism 118, 220, 436, 453, 509, 523, 575±6, 624 tertiary industries 306 testimony 576 TGI Fridays 508 TGV �train aÁ grande vitesse) 487 Thai International Airlines 577, 599 Thailand 31, 342, 423, 531, 576±8, 605 thanatourism 578 theme park 25, 222, 368±9, 578±9 and film 228 economies of scale 164 USA 614 theory 579 therapeutic recreation 420, 549 third-party effects 218 Third World 579±80, 610 and adaptation 11 and responsible tourism 507 anthropology 25 criticisms of tourism 449 Ecumenical Coalition on Third World Tourism 166, 430, 452, 507, 531 infrastructure 310, 324 modelling tourism structure 144 Thomas Cook 157, 255, 280, 400, 424, 583, 584, 601, 611 Thurot, J.M. and G. 81 TIAA see Travel Industry Association of America TIAC see Tourist Industry Association of Canada Tijuana �Mexico) 389 time 580 longitudinal studies 363±4 nostalgia 415 perception, and achievement 8 time budget 580±1 time series data 363 time-series forecasting techniques 234 timeshare 523, 581±2 Timeshare Council 582 Timmermans, H. 101
Timothy, Dallen J. 55, 184±5, 212, 246 tipping 582 Tivoli �Denmark) 142 Tocqueville, Alexis de 452 Tokyo 487 Torajans �Indonesia) 214 Toronto �Canada) 66 total quality management 186 touchscreen terminals 47 tour 582±3 tour guide 269, 576, 583±4 as culture broker 126, 181 tour leader see guided tour; tour guide tour operator 368. 374, 424, 584±5 tour wholesaler 585 tourism 585±6 alternative 20±1, 24, 27, 148 and acculturation 7 and conservation 103 and culture 129±31 and liminality 359 attitudes of world religions 498±9 benefit±cost analysis 51±3 benefits 53 boards 54±5 cultural 192, 125±6 domestic 158±9, 448, 451 economic importance 49, 161 effect of borders 55 effects on race 486 evolution 212 global warming effects 84 government interaction 257, 258 in centrally planned economies 75±6 in European Union 208 indirect 304 prototypical 470±1 rural 514±15 secular 588 social 20, 542 urban 615±17 see also carrying capacity; international tourism Tourism 588 Tourism Academy �Egypt) 188 Tourism Analysis 586 tourism bureaux 361 as culture brokers 126 destination management 146 in China 79 Index 679 in Greece 262 regional 495 see also city office; convention and visitor bureau; overseas office Tourism Code �1980) 219 Tourism Concern 124, 531 Tourism Consultants Group 588 Tourism Development Authority �Egypt) 187, 188 Tourism Economics 586 Tourism Education Quality �TEDQUAL) 629±30 tourism/hospitality education 168 Tourism Industries �USA) 613 Tourism Management 586 tourism organisations 586±8 see also trade associations Tourism Organisation of Thailand 577 Tourism Recreation Research 588 Tourism Society 588 tourism system 589 Tourisme 589 tourist 589±91 activity space 10 classification 83 educating 183 recreational 591 repeat 501, 512 self-organised travel 237 typology 10, 217, 484, 608±9 tourist as child 222, 275, 348, 591 tourist culture see culture, tourism Tourist Industry Association of Canada 67 Tourist Research Information Network see Trinet Tourist Review 33, 591 tourist space 591±2 tourist trap 592 TOURISTinfo 321 Towner, John 259±61, 267±9, 278±80, 263±4, 424±5, 602±4 , 626±7 Tozeur �Tunisia) 606 TQM see total quality management trade associations African Travel Association 14 Air Transport Association of America 15 Airline Reporting Corporation 16 American Hotel and Motel Association 21, 285 American National Restaurant Association 508 American Resort and Residential Development Association 582 American Society of Travel Agents 21±2, 453
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Chief editor Jafar Jafari Universit
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viii List of contributors Frances B
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x List of contributors Peter Grabow
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xii List of contributors Andrew Loc
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xiv List of contributors Robert A.
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xvi List of contributors Betty Weil
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xviii Introduction mission-driven c
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xx Introduction receiving countries
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xxii Introduction why in this early
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Writing a full and fair acknowledge
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xxvi Entry list bar Barbados bed an
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xxviii Entry list ecoresort ecotour
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xxx Entry list industrial tourism i
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xxxii Entry list New Zealand non-di
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xxxiv Entry list service quality se
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Aborigine Having reviewed research
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initial phase in a developing econo
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Capital expenditure results in the
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evolving �autonomous) cultural sy
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their social practices and the cont
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not always a concern since they are
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The image technique with a linkage-
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than monocultures. Furthermore, it
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airline Airlines �air carriers) p
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See also: drinking; licensing Furth
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`alternative' philosophy can be exp
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developing conceptual constructs. T
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since the 1970s have been from this
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anti-tourism Anti-tourism is a gene
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guards and restricting access. Whil
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a much-needed source of local incom
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Association Internationale d'Expert
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attitudes. Contemporary thinking ab
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of the former include special struc
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with the work of Heider, who noted
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The real picture is in stark contra
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tourism originating in the Americas
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Fourth is the critical approach. Su
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interface ensures that such applica
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foreign investment) triggered by fa
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locations provide opportunities tha
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Mishan, E.J. �ed.) �1994) Cost
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eserved for national or regional to
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the figures for 1986 and 1987. Howe
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strategies or modes of presentation
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necessary when actual results vary
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Burnout Inventory Manual, 2nd edn,
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cafeteria A cafeteria is a self-ser
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the United States, although this pe
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down places. Their lower prices ten
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cannot be an anchor until there has
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ship between number of users �den
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ased on theoretical reasoning which
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of their home countries, and it is
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4.52 million departures with a 21 p
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sources such as grants, membership,
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they will have to pay. It is also a
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as a separate classification becaus
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code in their reservation systems t
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contracts. Such statements insure m
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things/events/places/narratives bec
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mix that includes multiple media an
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esidents. This emergent industry is
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tend to specialise in the productio
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of costs or being a cost leader imp
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and a rigorous test to gain admissi
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Veblen, T. �1970 [1899]) The Theo
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not reflect the characteristics of
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were changing in time. After the wa
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Linked to this evolution, host comm
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enefits, costs and spin-offs whethe
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fully chosen, implemented and carri
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usinesses, then the corporate struc
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afting and river cruising opportuni
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cross-cultural education Cross-cult
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studies of the differential impact
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architectural heritage. The governm
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or over primal peoples. First, prim
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may be trying to understand the str
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organisation perpetuates its cultur
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arts and crafts of Native peoples a
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$3.7 billion. The average number of
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combine his experience and intuitio
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measured by the amount of money spe
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season and staggering school holida
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demonstration effects. With the dev
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Asia and Latin America. One could a
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attractions. They include basic inf
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destination management. DMOs have b
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intervene in the economic and socia
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network of classifications that nor
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organisational norms and standards.
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distance decay There are costs invo
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operators and travel agencies that
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`discover' or connect to the essent
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of the population, and the proporti
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local governments. Given the nature
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Samuelson, P.A. and Nordhaus, W.D.
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and on-the-job capabilities of all
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and a number of elective courses th
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potential inefficiency. There are f
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feasibility of the start-up and ope
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include how to communicate the theo
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�Cooper and Westlake 1989). The u
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working skills for tourism and its
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time or inclination to develop expe
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programme emphasises general manage
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most common forms of recreation for
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some fifteen universities and more
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Science, University of Colorado.
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in such enclaves have no need to le
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See also: culture broker; education
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Congestion and overtaxing of infras
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overview of research in the physica
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cesses for meeting regulatory requi
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eroticism This term captures the se
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English, French, German and Portugu
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does lead to standardised attractio
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ethnicity changes in association wi
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Therefore, it is surprising that th
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Reference Boorstin, D. �1961) The
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excursion An excursion is a short p
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See also: cross-cultural management
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esearcher participating in and faci
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facilitation The concept of facilit
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hand, factor analysis provides for
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authors �Garcia-Ramon et al. 1995
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concept, number and type of hotel r
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mine what is meaningful to them. In
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press event, French officials estim
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The tourism industry is well develo
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used grease are also subtracted fro
Page 268 and 269:
attempt to isolate and measure thos
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either on a regional basis �as wi
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diversified in terms of different c
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succeed in the United States, compa
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gambling Gambling is an activity th
Page 278 and 279:
game park reserve Game park reserve
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characteristics laid down by their
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usually considered to be an object-
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employing a framework based on supp
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margins and causing some high-profi
Page 288 and 289:
tourism) cannot be adequately studi
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y business travel and travel by per
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and Political Analysis, Cambridge:
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visitors through modern equivalents
Page 296 and 297:
for low-income domestic tourists, t
Page 298 and 299:
Tourism in Islands and Small States
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tality to guests is based on rules
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feature of Murray was the commitmen
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gender, ethnicity, employment and t
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elated problems which includes the
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hedonism Hedonism is the unbridled
Page 310 and 311:
The Natural and Built Environment,
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The other main strand of tourism hi
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and a second generation of camps wh
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y advancing tourism development in
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y the nobility suddenly found they
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German gast: stranger, foreigner, e
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education courses or training modul
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humour Humour refers to a sense of
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iconography Illustration by visual
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of the ideology of the picturesque
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are often positive and the environm
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improving environmental performance
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marking. Successful implementation
Page 336 and 337:
doubling of passenger transport out
Page 338 and 339:
Spice Islands ± have occupied a sp
Page 340 and 341:
References Leiper, N. �1995) Tour
Page 342 and 343:
property management system used in
Page 344 and 345:
economic sectors, takes the ad hoc
Page 346 and 347:
esearch, advancement of knowledge i
Page 348 and 349:
International Academy for the Study
Page 350 and 351:
treaties are still governed by thes
Page 352 and 353:
power to the community, a concept t
Page 354 and 355:
and recommended practices are adopt
Page 356 and 357:
International Society of Travel and
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erally did not mind using local tou
Page 360 and 361:
Internet The Internet is a public c
Page 362 and 363:
intervening opportunity Destination
Page 364 and 365:
investment can include increases in
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acts'. in A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld
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unique feature. Despite this, touri
Page 370 and 371:
Further reading Ministry of Transpo
Page 372 and 373:
perspectives, including those of th
Page 374 and 375:
igour. The main sectors covered by
Page 376 and 377:
Kaabah The Kaabah is a cube-shaped
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at the bottom of the knowledge acqu
Page 380 and 381:
and elsewhere, obviously have had d
Page 382 and 383:
variety of offerings and niche mark
Page 384 and 385:
financial and human resources. Ther
Page 386 and 387:
schemes in all sectors of tourism,
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and 1970s. He conceived leisure as
Page 390 and 391:
liberalisation see international av
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lifestyle The concept of lifestyle
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nity, location, place or area. The
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een the formalisation of the concep
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ludic The ludic aspects of tourism
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The new Kuala Lumpur International
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culture, geography, fantasy and oth
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and procedures, project design and
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Philadelphia: University of Pennsyl
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segmentation'. It considers consume
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the producer±consumer relationship
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tions, mostly funded by governments
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concerns the location of an attract
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determinants of brand choice, situa
Page 418 and 419:
promotion tends to be dominated by
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independent meeting planners, perfo
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evenues are added, total tourism re
Page 424 and 425:
eligious marker, are fewer in numbe
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motivation According to the sociolo
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ut nonetheless highly germane facto
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several days or weeks. Another purp
Page 432 and 433:
in order to determine the total eco
Page 434 and 435:
fold worldwide, and they have becom
Page 436 and 437:
prehistorical �the river from whi
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guides in Singapore', Journal of Cu
Page 440 and 441:
National parks and other protected
Page 442 and 443:
shop postcards consisting of photog
Page 444 and 445:
litan areas are of this kind, and i
Page 446 and 447:
een trained it is ready for use in
Page 448 and 449:
any formal association that is neit
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occupancy rate A tourism business o
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The proper fit of these elements is
Page 454 and 455:
esources because the viability of t
Page 456 and 457:
Pacific Asia Travel Association The
Page 458 and 459:
two weeks of paid holiday. The 1938
Page 460 and 461:
alised than conventional forms such
Page 462 and 463:
Local tourism authorities, boards a
Page 464 and 465:
perception see advertising; anticip
Page 466 and 467:
programme, towards meeting stated g
Page 468 and 469:
Further reading Assael, H. �1993)
Page 470 and 471:
of an integrated national developme
Page 472 and 473:
significance contains historic and/
Page 474 and 475:
portation and support networks, is
Page 476 and 477:
the attainment of specific goals
Page 478 and 479:
still a larger volume of internatio
Page 480 and 481:
overall structure of the argument o
Page 482 and 483:
sophistication of international tou
Page 484 and 485:
eferendum on a hotel tax, azoning m
Page 486 and 487:
accommodation may be unavailable, o
Page 488 and 489:
thirteenth century, and was well kn
Page 490 and 491:
address to which it has been sent,
Page 492 and 493:
and environmental information at th
Page 494 and 495:
principal components analysis Princ
Page 496 and 497:
overall experience consisting of fi
Page 498 and 499:
productivity in respect of one inpu
Page 500 and 501:
occur in the related independent va
Page 502 and 503:
elieved that place management is a
Page 504 and 505:
mainly for non-leisure purposes, of
Page 506 and 507:
and economists. The strong hypothet
Page 508 and 509:
input into such decisions and it ha
Page 510 and 511:
purpose Purpose of tourism normally
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hand, this situation demands that t
Page 514 and 515:
quality of the environment. In the
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schedule business meetings without
Page 518 and 519:
equated with the `vision quest' its
Page 520 and 521:
adio Radio is an underrated medium
Page 522 and 523:
these terms emphasise a human and a
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ecreation centre Within a resort, a
Page 526 and 527:
ecreational geography see geography
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within a state, province or territo
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elics Relics are objects venerated
Page 532 and 533:
esponsibility' of the participants,
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a limited period of time. Rented fa
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esort A definition of resorts shoul
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1930s, but not until the 1970s did
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society �see postmodernism) that
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hetoric In the late twentieth centu
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of the transition rite, the stage w
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A role can be defined by the rules
Page 548 and 549:
Abandoned buildings in declining vi
Page 550 and 551:
sacred journey In common usage `sac
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each point; �4) establish procedu
Page 554 and 555:
scenic drive A scenic drive is a ro
Page 556 and 557:
feature of the elite of many countr
Page 558 and 559:
Tourism, Crime and International Se
Page 560 and 561:
the human subject. The global syste
Page 562 and 563:
tourism represents over 10 per cent
Page 564 and 565:
etween tourism and prostitution are
Page 566 and 567:
shrine A shrine is an object or pla
Page 568 and 569:
Hawkes, T. �1977) Structuralism a
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sites, biblical Biblical sites are
Page 572 and 573:
elationships to family members �i
Page 574 and 575:
social recreation Leisure activitie
Page 576 and 577:
provider behaviours that establish
Page 578 and 579:
destination, their quest is frustra
Page 580 and 581:
Watson, G.L. and Kopachevsky, J.P.
Page 582 and 583:
a religious meaning, and are thus u
Page 584 and 585:
market share and facing severe prob
Page 586 and 587:
sector, including creation of media
Page 588 and 589:
purpose. Eventually, the picturesqu
Page 590 and 591:
quantitatively. The mean, median an
Page 592 and 593:
another climate. Nevertheless, they
Page 594 and 595:
oader macroenvironment �demograph
Page 596 and 597:
tourism studies owes most to the wr
Page 598 and 599:
many tourism businesses may be bett
Page 600 and 601:
Further reading Chadwick, R.A. �1
Page 602 and 603:
have succeeded in improving the int
Page 604 and 605:
ings. An element is a component whi
Page 606 and 607:
property, while indirect taxes are
Page 608 and 609:
While it provides the means to crea
Page 610 and 611:
to France, but its economic conditi
Page 612 and 613:
and carnivals. The contribution of
Page 614 and 615:
ecord of a person's use of time. Th
Page 616 and 617:
operator or other supplier, usually
Page 618 and 619:
in marketing products and to guaran
Page 620 and 621:
fragmentation and the spatial separ
Page 622 and 623:
tourism system The concept of a tou
Page 624 and 625:
central elements are sights, sites,
Page 626 and 627:
scientific and the unashamedly roma
Page 628 and 629:
involves a series of transactions.
Page 630 and 631:
type of road. With off-road vehicle
Page 632 and 633:
carriers in particular markets. Mos
Page 634 and 635:
others by those who claim superior
Page 636 and 637:
the production of guidebooks for me
Page 638 and 639:
Further reading Edgell, D.L. �199
Page 640 and 641:
y establishing successful hotel/res
Page 642 and 643:
1988). Graburn �1983) differentia
Page 644 and 645:
tion) might be international in sco
Page 646 and 647:
ecognition of the severe impact of
Page 648 and 649:
ing immigrants to the United States
Page 650 and 651:
The combination of sustainable deve
Page 652 and 653:
vacationscape The term `vacationsca
Page 654 and 655:
present somewhere remotely, rather
Page 656 and 657:
References Andregnette, P. �1995)
Page 658 and 659:
In war-torn areas, mere prospects f
Page 660 and 661: 1980s. At an earlier time, the Fren
Page 662 and 663: World Tourism Organization The Worl
Page 664 and 665: ÐÐ �1996) Educating the Educato
Page 666 and 667: yield management The concept of max
Page 668 and 669: zoning Zoning, as it is popularly c
Page 670 and 671: 638 Index achievement 7±8 acquisit
Page 672 and 673: 640 Index asset management 32 cash
Page 674 and 675: 642 Index British Hospitality Assoc
Page 676 and 677: 644 Index environmental 86±7 see a
Page 678 and 679: 646 Index craft see handicrafts Cra
Page 680 and 681: 648 Index research 217 design of or
Page 682 and 683: 650 Index role of tourism 250, 452
Page 684 and 685: 652 Index environmental valuation 2
Page 686 and 687: 654 Index and currency smuggling 53
Page 688 and 689: 656 Index Havana Convention �on i
Page 690 and 691: 658 Index marketing 376 metaphor 38
Page 692 and 693: 660 Index inventory 5, 329 and entr
Page 694 and 695: 662 Index paid holidays 281, 425 Ru
Page 696 and 697: 664 Index market research see marke
Page 698 and 699: 666 Index Montreux �Switzerland)
Page 700 and 701: 668 Index Okechuku, C. 119 Okrant,
Page 702 and 703: 670 Index Germany 253 Greece 262 Hu
Page 704 and 705: 672 Index ratio analysis 112, 487±
Page 706 and 707: 674 Index restaurant 507±8 classif
Page 708 and 709: 676 Index 157, 253±4, 277, 329±30
Page 712 and 713: 680 Index Asia Pacific Tourism Asso
Page 714 and 715: 682 Index vision quest 484±5 Visio
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