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demonstration effects. With the development of
mass tourism in a destination has come the
concept of the tourist resort. Such resorts are
often self-contained, and tourists are bussed into
hotels and find much that they require within the
complex. The local culture may be invited in to
provide a show, an entertainment where the hosts'
culture is presented as being exotic. While such
events have been criticised as being pseudoevents
which commoditise �see commoditisation)
and simplify, such complexes reduce social
contact between local people and tourists to highly
scripted occasions.
Additionally, from the perspective of local
people, the tourist is seen as alien, and thus as
they are so different, tourists' actions have no
relevance for their daily lives. Arguably, the
opportunity for demonstration of different values
is greater when the contact is made between
independent hosts and guests, for the social
relationships may progress beyond the stereotypical
role of tourist and service/experience provider.
The type of social interaction is also important in
that until research in the 1990s, a general
assumption was that the demonstration effect was
from the tourist to the host. However, for some
tourists motivated by quest, pilgrimage or experiential
meaning, the opportunity exist for hosts to
influence tourists and to demonstrate attractive
alternatives.
Much of the literature about demonstration
effects is concerned with tourist±host relationships
where the tourist is from a developed country while
the latter comes from a developing country.
Cultural gaps are thus assumed to be large. It can
be noted that economically marginal areas exist
within developed countries, and that often within
those countries tourism becomes important because
these are often rural sites possessing scenic
touristic values. There are undoubted economic
implications that are well observed; for example,
house prices increase when second homes are
purchased. Some writers have written that tourism
brings urbanisation to rural areas with its demands
for shopping, accommodation, entertainment
and more. Under such circumstances, the demonstration
effects caused by tourism are incorporated
within more complex patterns of social class and
income differences. Nonetheless, the advent of
tourism makes differences more obvious and
immediate.
See also: social relations; staged authenticity;
stereotypes
References
Smith, V. �1989) Hosts and Guests:The Anthropology of
Tourism, 2nd edn, Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press. �Discusses host±guest relationships.)
Further reading
Lever, A. �1987) `Spanish tourism migrant: the case
of Lloret de Mar', Annals of Tourism Research 14�4):
449±70. �Discusses the impacts of tourism upon
young female migrant workers in a mass
destination.)
Nash, D. �1996) `Tourism as acculturation or
development', in D. Nash, Anthropology of Tourism,
Oxford: Pergamon, 19±38. �Examines demonstration
effects within the context of acculturation.)
Pfaffenberger, B. �1983) `Serious pilgrims and
frivolous tourists: the chimera of tourism in the
pilgrimages of Sri Lanka', Annals of Tourism
Research 10�1): 57±74. �Covers changing behaviours
on pilgrimages viewed by tourists.)
Denmark
Denmark 141
CHRIS RYAN, NEW ZEALAND
Tourism in Denmark is considered the third most
important business sector in economic terms.
Between 1988 and 1994, Denmark experienced a
growth rate in the number of bed-nights which was
exceptional in Europe. This was mainly due to a
strengthened co-ordinated marketing effort between
the industry and the Danish Tourist
Board, and a national tourism policy which
actively supported co-operation and product development.
With 7,500 kilometres of coastline covered with
beaches, a clean environmental profile and a varied
cultural landscape, Denmark has a natural
potential for tourism. The infrastructure is