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and a second generation of camps which were
large �catering for up to 10,000 visitors at any one
time) and highly commercialised. The latter were
the creation of entrepreneurs attracted in the
1930s by the anticipated growth of holiday
making, supported by legislation requiring
employers to pay their staff for a week away
from work. The peak in terms of numbers of
camps and visitors is the period between the
1930s and 1960s.
Holiday camps offer an exemplar of changing
tourism patterns in the twentieth century. It is no
coincidence that camps were most popular at a time
when working-class families experienced their first
holidays away from home, and when it was
reassuring to be organised and in the company of
others. It is also no coincidence that, with a
progressive emphasis on consumerism in society,
holiday camps as such have passed out of vogue.
Modern versions, typically renamed holiday centres
or leisure parks and financed bycorporate capital,
cater for needs far removed from those of visitors to
the pioneer camps.
Although holiday camps occupy a distinctive
place in British tourism history, there are closely
related variants in other countries. These include
summer camps in the United States, colonies de
vacances for children in France, camps along the
Black Sea for trade union members in the
former Soviet Union, and contemporary models
of collective holidays for adults pioneered by
Club MediteraneÂe and for families by Disneyworld.
Further reading
Ward, C. and Hardy, D. �1986) Goodnight Campers!
The History of the British Holiday Camp, London:
Mansell.
DENNIS HARDY, UK
holiday home see second home; summer
cottage
holiday with pay see paid vacation
holistic approach
Based on the principle of holism, the holistic
approach provides a comprehensive and integrated
approach to the study of tourism. The basic tenets
for holistic approach include all key characteristics
of tourism: movement of persons, transportation,
stay and activities at destination. Determinants
of demand and supply and the
associated underpinning factors should be taken
into account. A holistic approach involves all
elements of tourism, whether regarded as an
industry or an academic field of investigation.
Holy Land
Holy Land 281
DAVID LESLIE, UK
Palestine is the Greek name for the area which
Christians call the Holy Land. The word is derived
from the name of the ancient inhabitants of the
littoral, the Philistines, and, according to the oldest
sources, it was also called the land of the Amorites
or Aharu �the Western Lane). In the Old Testament
it is mentioned as Canaan, and is later known
as the land of the Hebrews, the land of Israel or the
Promised Lane. After the Babylonian Captivity it
was called simply Judaea, while the name Palestine,
still used today, prevailed in Greek±Hellenistic±
Roman times. Politically, it mostly corresponds to
the state of Israel, also including the West Bank
and Gaza, and extending as far as some parts of
Lebanon and Syria.
Geologically and geographically, this area is an
extension of Syria and is contiguous with the Sinai
peninsula. The parallel mountain chains of the
Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon are located in the
north, the West Bank in the south, and the East
Bank in the east. The valley of the Jordan extends
between Lake Tiberias �Sea of Galilee, Chinnereth,
Chinneroth, Gennesaret) and the Dead Sea, then
continuing across the Negev to the Gulf of Aqaba
in the Red Sea. The Holy Land is usually divided
into Galilee �the northern part), Ephraim or
Samaria �the central part) and Judaea �the southern
part). With respect to its natural characteristics, the
prevailing climate is subtropical with two marked
seasons of the year �the rainy season and the dry