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396 motive manipulation
References
Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M. �1991) À motivational
approach to self: integration in personality', in
R. Dienstbier �ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation,
Vol. 38, Perspectives on Motivation, Lincoln:
University of Nebraska Press, 237±88.
Neulinger, J. �1974) Psychology of Leisure, Springfield,
MA: Charles C. Thomas.
motive manipulation
ROGER C. MANNELL, CANADA
A process by which one's reasons for behaviour
are changed constitutes motive manipulation.
Tourism motivation is often associated with the
need to escape, relax, learn and to be with and
meet people. A number of different processes
�including marketing) may be employed to
encourage potential tourists to recognise the
importance of a particular need and/or to
emphasise the importance of one motive over
another.
motor coach tourism
DANIEL R. FESENMAIER, USA
JIANN-MIN JENG, USA
Motor coach tours, as the most popular method of
tour transportation, comprise an important
segment of the tourism industry. This may be
offered by itself or paired with scheduled airline
flights to provide local sightseeing and transfers.
Approximately 80 per cent of all tours in the
United States are by motor coaches. This market
size has been an encouraging factor in the planning
and building of access areas at popular tour
destinations such as theme parks, entertainment
facilities and megamalls. Motor coach operators
have a common goal of generating revenue from
rental or charter of buses owned by their
companies, combined with other tour elements
by the operator.
Most vehicles used for these group tours
accommodate from 45±8 tourists and are used
primarily on trips of less than 800 miles. Modern
comforts on board include large observation
windows, video monitors, fully equipped restrooms
and cocktail bars. Use of minicoaches is a relatively
new practice in this business. These vehicles
transport up to 25 tourists with amenities and
comfort level comparable to the full-size coaches.
They have the advantages of manoeuvrability, as
well as lower amortised cost per passenger than the
larger motor coach. A third type, with 76 seats, has
an articulated midsection which gives it the same
turning radius as a standard bus. Because of the
Americans with Disabilities Act, most motor
coaches in this country offer full accessibility
for persons with disabilities �see handicapped).
All motor coach tours are typically open to the
public, but they may be organised for particular
groups. Tour wholesalers form partnerships
with motor coach companies, a symbiotic relationship
which makes use of the company assets while
providing the wholesaler an additional outlet for
sales.
mountaineering
GINA K. McLELLAN, USA
The term mountaineering refers to a tourism
activity taking place in a mountainous environment.
Early developments of mountaineering for
pleasure purposes started in Europe in the eighteenth
and nineteenth centuries. One of the
primary objectives at that time was to climb the
highest mountains in Europe. Later, similar
ventures were pursued in other parts of the world
such as the Himalayas, Andes and Rocky Mountains.
While originally very much an elite activity,
numerous mountain clubs started to be established
from the mid-nineteenth century, predominantly of
German origin with the main area of activity in
Austria. An ever-increasing network of mountain
huts was built in the middle and higher elevations
throughout the European Alps and to a lesser
extent elsewhere in the world. These serviced huts
served two main purposes. First, they served as a
base for the mountain climbers who were primarily
interested in scaling specific peaks or climbing
difficult rock faces. Second, they were convenient
stops for those who were hiking from hut to hut for