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598 transportation, globalisation of
the years have made a tremendous impact on
tourism volumes. In the nineteenth century and
before, means of transportation were limited, slow
and often expensive. As a result, most destinations
attracted only a fraction of the potential tourists
that could be drawn to that location. The
development of rail and highway transportation
in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries
allowed for a much larger volume of travel.
The development of the air mode, along with
the highway mode, has arguably had the greatest
impact on travel, particularly for longer distances.
The advent of the `jet age' in air transportation
ushered in a period of tremendous growth in longdistance
travel, especially across the Atlantic and
throughout the Pacific Basin, where travel
distances tend to be quite long and often over
water. Destinations such as Hawaii, Tahiti, Australia
and New Zealand would not have experienced
tourism growth to any substantial degree
without the speedy and economical transportation
afforded by jet aircraft. As the demand for tourism
grows in the future, transportation managers and
policy makers will face growing challenges. Without
such efficient and effective systems, the
expansion of tourism will be hindered.
See also: international aviation liberalisation;
motor coach tours; route system
Further reading
Heraty, M.J. �1989) `Tourism transport ±
implications for developing countries', Tourism
Management 10�4): 282±92. �Discusses the role
and importance of ground transport in developing
nations' tourism industries.)
Hobson, P.S. and Uysal, M. �1993) `Infrastructure:
the silent crisis facing the future of tourism',
Hospitality Research Journal 17�1): 209±15. �Examines
future transportation scenarios as they affect
the tourism industry.)
Page, S. �1994) Transport for Tourism, London:
Routledge. �Evaluates the relationship between
tourism travel and the transport industry and
impacts on transport providers, managers and
policy makers.)
World Tourism Organization �1994) Aviation and
Tourism Policies:Balancing the Benefits, London:
Routledge. �Discusses recent developments in
aviation and tourism policies.)
FREDRICK M. COLLISON, USA
transportation, globalisation of
The emergence of the global economy is perhaps
the most significant trend of the twentieth century.
The interconnectedness and interdependencies of
world trade and travel will preclude individual
markets from remaining isolated from the rest of
the world. As the globe continues to shrink, rapid
communications and transportation linkages
will become even more essential. A major contributor
to this growth is the international aviation
industry, which has benefited from the deregulation
and liberalisation policies of the last decade.
Since the 1980s, the world has witnessed very
rapid increases in international commerce. These
gains are a result of many factors, including
technology advances and transfers, productivity
increases, freedom for former socialist states
and the resultant market expansions, the establishment
of free trade areas and economic unions, and
more affluent consumers. As a result, producers
and consumers need more frequent interaction and
communication in order to provide responsive
services. Often, cooperative agreements or
alliances are made with international partners in
order to facilitate smooth exchanges of goods and
services.
International airlines have been prime beneficiaries
of this phenomenal growth in world trade.
These airlines have experienced tremendous increases
in the volume of passengers and air cargo
carried in recent years. At times, however, these
airlines have been frustrated in expanding their
global networks in a timely and efficient manner.
Among the difficulties to be overcome are archaic
governmental regulations and traditional bilateral
approaches to international air services �see international
aviation bilateral).
The major purposes of these economic regulations
and bilateral agreements were �and are) to
protect the national flag carriers and limit the
competition faced from foreign flag airlines.
Restrictions were placed on fares, routes and