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The Natural and Built Environment, London:
Belhaven. �An anthology of papers addressing
all major aspects of heritage issues.)
World Heritage Committee �1984) Operational
Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage
Convention, WHC/2 revised, Paris: UNESCO,
World Heritage Committee. �Specific guidelines
intended for worldwide heritage preservation.)
hiking
TREVOR SOFIELD, AUSTRALIA
SARAH LI, AUSTRALIA
Hiking means to walk a great distance, usually in
rural or wilderness settings. It can be differentiated
from walking for pleasure not only by the
greater distances involved, but often by the need
for specialised equipment such as hiking boots,
backpacks, lightweight protective clothing and
camping gear, and non-refrigerated preserved
foods. Hiking is usually combined with tourism
ranging from a day-trip on a package tour to a
tailored trekking trip in remote areas.
hill stations
TOM BROXON, USA
Tourism resorts that are nested in the highlands
or mountainous areas are located in hill stations.
They were developed during the colonial times as
retreats from the hot and humid lowlands of the
tropical/subtropical colonies. The temperature
and climatic differences still provide the major
attractions of these hill stations, but largely for
domestic tourism. Hill stations are especially
prevalent in South and Southeast Asia.
hippie
MARTIN OPPERMANN, AUSTRALIA
Hippies are those who reject the conventions and
values of middle-class society. Closely associated
with the 1960s `flower power' movement, hippies
espouse peace and love, wear colourful clothes and
frequently adopt communal lifestyles. Astourists,
they are typically long-term adventure
travellers �for example, on the `hippie trail' to Asia)
who sometimes establish communities at particular
destinations, most famously in Goa and Kathmandu.
historical tourism
historical tourism 277
RICHARD SHARPLEY, UK
Aspects of the past are increasingly used in the
construction of tourism products for a number of
expanding and varied markets. Such historical
tourism includes trips principally motivated by
aspects of the past, but also historical excursions
and activities undertaken during non-historically
motivated holidays.
The tourism product may be composed of
preserved, collected and interpreted historical
artefacts, sites, buildings, districts and even whole
towns, including memories and associations of
places with historical events and personalities. The
selection from the past as a quarry of possibilities
and its presentation for contemporary consumption
results in heritage which may draw upon folklore,
mythology and products of the human creative
literary and artistic imagination. Historical tourists
may be motivated by a search for identity or
fantasy.
Historical and heritage tourism are almost
synonymous and have an overlapping relationship
with many other forms of tourism. These include
the historical aspects of cultural, art and festival
tourism, many aspects of place-specific and ethnic
tourism including flows, costume and gastronomy,
and those trips associated with museums,
art galleries, monuments and archaeological and
historical sites. More broadly, historical tourism
accounts for a large proportion of urban tourism.
Two controversies surrounding this form of
tourism are particularly prevalent. First, the
heritage consumed in historical tourism is defined
and shaped by the contemporary demands for it,
unlike history where the aim is the accurate
description of past events. Thus, interpretation
rather than the resource itself plays the critical role