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Local tourism authorities, boards and other
organisations �for example, the public±private
association Maison de France) are responsible for
coordination and unification of both municipal and
individual initiatives within a given area or country.
Nevertheless, in recent years governments from
the economically developed countries have tended
to opt for disengagement from tourism in favour of
both local authorities and the private sector. This
trend will probably lead to new forms of public±
private sector partnership in tourism. In emerging
countries or those in an economic transition stage
�Central and Eastern Europe, for instance) tourism
activity is undertaken entirely by the public sector
�WTO 1996). Most commonly, public±private
sector partnerships are found in the areas of
tourism promotion and marketing functions.
However, training provision for operators, quality
improvement, accessibility, environment,
attractions and infrastructure are some of the other
partnership programmes undertaken in local tourism
development.
In general, partnerships in tourism share certain
defining characteristics �Long 1994). They seek a
better collaboration and cooperation between
public and private organisations located in a
certain tourism area; they are action-oriented,
focused on implementing initiatives rather than
research and strategy formulation; and they
normally include development, marketing, information
and environmental advisories. Although
the rationale for governmental involvement in
tourism is changing ± due to constraints on public
sector budgets and a changing political and
socioeconomic climate ± the importance of partnership
approaches in tourism development is still
crucial �WTO 1996).
References
Long, P. �1994) `Perspectives on partnership
organisations as an approach to local tourism
development', in Tourism:The State of the Art,
Chichester: Wiley, 442±52.
WTO �1996) `Towards new forms of public±
private sector partnership: the changing role
structure and activities of National Tourism
Administrations', Madrid: World Tourism Organization.
Further reading
Bonham, C. and Mak, J. �1996) `Private versus
public financing of state destination promotion',
Journal of Travel Research 35�2): 3±10.
Selin, S. and ChaÂvez, D. �1995) `Developing and
evolutionary tourism partnership model', Annals
of Tourism Research 22�4): 814±56.
pastoral care
MARTINA GONZALES GALLARZA, SPAIN
The pastoral care in tourism arose as the response
of the church and an attempt to salvage as much as
possible from the wreckage. Tourists are castigated
for blatant disregard of Christian morality,
but measures are being introduced to help believers
to behave in accordance with religious teaching.
Since the pastoral ministry cannot be separated
from the life of humanity and the problem of time,
it is quite logical that pastoral care should deal with
the tourist as a part of a completely new area of the
pastoral ministry in the world. The basis of the idea
of the pastorisation of tourism is found in the
organisation of religious ceremonies for believers
spending their holidays in certain tourism destinations.
See also: religion; religious attraction; religious
festival
patrimony
patrimony 429
BORIS VUKONIC Â ,CROATIA
Originally an individual inheritance from a father
or other ancestor, patrimony now has the extended
meaning of any aspect of the present deriving from
the past. The term is frequently used to describe
collective and often national patrimony as much as
individual patrimony, and by extension, is considered
as an endowment made by the present to
future generations. In tourism, selected aspects of
the past are commodified into heritage products.
G.J. ASHWORTH, THE NETHERLANDS