An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax

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14. 15. 16. 13. וֹל ינִ אֲ ו ַ י ִל י ִ י ַשִׁי ְל ן ֵבּ יתי ִ א֫ ִ ָ רי ִע ָבּ ם ָע ְבר ָ יֽ ָ ְל ת ֵמּ ַ 17. דוִ דָ ְל הוהי דבֶ ֶע֫ ְל ר ֶבּדּ ִ ר ֶשׁ אֲ 18. 1 Kgs 20:3 דוֹדּ My beloved is mine and I am his. 68 Cant 2:16 ר I have seen a son of Jesse. 69 1 Sam 16:18 ה anyone belonging to Jeroboam who dies in the city 1 Kgs 14:11 [A psalm] by David, the servant of YHWH, which he spoke… 70 Ps 18:1 ךָיתִּ ְע ַמ ְשׁ לא ֵע ָמ ְשִׁי ְלוּ With regard to Ishmael, I have heard (what) you 19. . . ה ָנּהֵ ֫ ָכ יתי ִ א֫ ִ ר־אֹ ָ ל ׃עֹר ַ ָל . 20. לאֵ רָ ְשִׂי ו ְ הדוּהְי ָ ב ֶשֵׁיּ וַ חטַ בֶ֫ לָ 21. ... וּב ְצַּי תְ הִ ם ֶכיטֵ בְ ִשׁ ְל 22. ירִ ְפּ ה ֶשׂ ֹע ֫ ירִ ְפּ ץ ֵע וֹנימִ לְ 23. 24. (said). Gen 17:20 I haven’t seen anything like them…for ugliness. Gen 41:19 Judah and Israel dwelt securely. 1 Kgs 5:5 Present yourselves…according to your tribes. 1 Sam 10:19 fruit trees (each) producing fruit according to its type Gen 1:11 ר֑ פָ ָע ְל קדּ־ר ַ ֶשׁ א ֲ ד ַע until it was as fine as dust ׃וֹל־ןתֶּ ִ 25. הֹערְ ַפ ארָ ְקִיּ וַ םרָ ְבאַ ְל Deut 9:21 תּ You shall give to him. Deut 15:14 Pharaoh summoned (lit., called to) Abram. 71 68 See also Cant 6:3. 69 See further below on the indefiniteness of this phrase. 70 This usage is most common in the Psalter, but cf. also Hab 3:1. 71 Note also the pseudo-passive in 2 Sam 17:16: whgydw ldwd ‘they told to David > ‘David was told.’
26. Gen 12:18 הוהי ַל אוּה ךְוּר ָבּ May he be pronounced blessed to YHWH. 72 27. לוֹק ְל תָּ ְע ַמ ָשׁ י ִכּ ךָתֶּ ְשׁ אִ Ruth 2:20 Because you listened to (or, heeded) the voice of your wife… ָ ַ֫ ְ ֑֫ ִ ָ ֵ ְ Gen 3:17 The lamed of interest or (dis)advantage (dativus commodi et incommodi) marks the person for or against whom an action is directed (## 28–33); the term “benefactive dative” is sometimes used of this l. [Page התּ ְפס ְכ ִנ ףֹסכ ִנ־י ִכּ You long for your father’s house. 208] 28. ךָיבא תיבל 29. 30. 31. ת ֵמ ל ְ וּכּבְ תּ־ל ִ ַ בֵ יוֹא ְל םהֶ ָל ךְפֵ הֵיּ ָ ַ Gen 31:30 א Do not weep for the dead (one). Jer 22:10 ו He became their enemy (lit., he turned against them to [become] an enemy). 73 Isa 63:10 תוֹא ָב ְצ הוהי ַל םוֹי י ִכּ There is a day [prepared] for YHWH of Hosts. 32. ת ַעדַ֫ ָל ם ֶכל ָ אוֹלהֲ ׃ט ָפּ ְשׁ מִּ ה־ת ַ אֶ 33. בהָ זָ ו ְ ףסֶ כּ ֶ֫ דֹמחְ ת־אֹ ַ ל ךְ ָל תָּ חְ קַ ָלוְ םהי ֶ ֵל ֲע Isa 2:12 Isn’t it your affair to know the customs? Mic 3:1 You shall not desire the silver and gold that is on them (abandoned idols) and you shall not take (the silver and the gold) for yourself. Deut 7:25 A special variety of the lamed of interest is a use that some label dativus ethicus or “ethical dative.” 74 T. Muraoka points out that this term means that a person other than the subject or object is concerned in the matter, but “the hallmark of the Semitic construction is the identity of grammatical person of the subject of the verb with that of the pronoun suffixed to the preposition.” 75 Many scholars refer to this use as “reflexive”: l marks the action as being of interest to the performer (# 32); the term “ingressive” is also used. Muraoka suggests the nomenclature “centripetal.” He 72 Not ‘by.’ See Pardee, UF 8: 221–23, cf. 230; 9: 209. 73 See also Job 30:21. Cf. Pardee, UF 8: 228. 74 GKC §119s / p. 381; for this treatment we follow T. Muraoka, “On the So-called Dativus Ethicus in Hebrew,” Journal of Theological Studies 29 (1978) 495–98. 75 Muraoka, “Dativus Ethicus,” 495.
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An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew
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AV Authorized Version (1611) LXX Se
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first quarter of the nineteenth cen
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use it. In any format, intermediate
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have continued to make small adjust
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from all stages, from the oldest po
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the Hebrew Bible is written in Aram
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Late Third Millennium (2350-2000).
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especially problematic body of mate
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do the Tosefta and halakhic (legal)
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c Judgments regarding these literar
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the text type represented by the Sa
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established on the basis of Ugariti
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history and of captors in their lat
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B.C.E.), they began to indicate fin
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tetragrammaton (YHWH), occasionally
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the text. By at least 100 C.E. the
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1.6 Masoretic Text 1.6.1 Character
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ומש הוהי would originally ha
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f During the more fluid stages of t
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In his later psalter, “Juxta Hebr
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groups of words joined by conjuncti
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service as dean or gaon of the Jewi
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e The Masoretes, whose work had cul
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three radicals of the root by Pe (f
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The labors of adaptation culminated
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a Linguistic literature on Hebrew f
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d In spite of various contacts betw
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Arabic (like other languages) was a
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(1897) 49 and in the grammar of Han
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describe and refer to the real worl
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One way to view the grammar/lexis o
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3. I ate ice cream with my spoon. I
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should primary attention be given t
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vowels (syncope). The fullest form
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3.3.4 Discourse and Text a Most lin
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that embody textual relations, anal
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given language, where the base is n
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users. 31 Historical variation is t
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would cost the speaker’s life. 36
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two levels of language has been res
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4.6 Modifiers 6.1 Adjectival Modifi
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classification refers to[Page 65] t
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2. interjection 3. adverb 4 the spe
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4.3 Phrase and Clause a A phrase is
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5. 6. 7. [Page 70] 8. (5) Infinitiv
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1. 2. 3. 4. הּ ָמ ְשׁ ארָ
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6. [Page 73] 7. םתֶּ אַ םי
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8. 9. 10. 2 Sam 7:6 (8) Relative Cl
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The nominative absolute constructio
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4.8 Sentence Mic 1:2 a The sentence
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1. םִי ר֫ ַ ְצ ִמ וּד
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priority over such abstractions. On
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proposed an elaborate schema to cla
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f This summary of one effort to des
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12. 13. ַ 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
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“sharpens” the root in a semant
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In most of these examples the vowel
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30. 5.7 Patterns with Suffixing ב
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example, liškâ and niškâ, ‘ro
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The -â ending (the he is a mater l
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peoples individualized objects, sor
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languages; among those that do not
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classes of nouns reflected in the b
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In time -at came to have the ultima
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Another masculine head noun is תי
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d Single components of a collective
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The doublet ה ָנ ֵע ְשׁ ַ
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ךָתֶּ ֫ ִבוּ־ךָנְ ִב
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ִ ֶ֫ ְ ַ 110] 4. 5. ה ָמּ
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in a way somewhat different from th
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With collectives the singular desig
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9. 10. שׁיא ִ לֹכּ ם ֶכי
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11. 12. ׃בלֵ ו ָ בל־אֹ
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d For complex historical reasons, a
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The plural of a singular collective
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18:51, 28:8, 42:6, 44:5; sing. freq
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used of various gods, it takes plur
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28:28). It also occurs in passages
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singular plural dual nominative -u
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e genitive and the -ô either accus
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הוהי־ר ַבד ְ הָיהָ
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8.4.1 Clauses of Identification a I
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2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Gen 42:11 ׃אוּה
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Num 13:29 This rule does not apply
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‘YHWH our God is one YHWH’) 23
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for example, a noun (the modified)
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ְ ֶ ָ ִ֫ ִ ְ ֶ ְ ְ ְ b M
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coordinate elements in the compound
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genitive of agent (or a subjective
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2 Chr 24:6 [Page 144] d An agent or
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25. 26. 27. 28. 29. ויבִ א־ת
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9. 10. ךָתְּ רְ אַ ְפתּ
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9.5.3 Adjectival Genitive a In adje
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16. ה ָנ ָשׁ־ן ֶבּ ר ָכ
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34. [Page 152] 35. 36. םחֶ ֶל
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i In other genitives of class, the
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A prepositional phrase most often s
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9.7 Determination and Periphrasis a
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A comparable eonstruetion involves
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5. 6. 7. תוֹא ָב ְצ ( ם־י
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within the clause. 2 In this exampl
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5. She gave him the books. 6. She g
Page 207 and 208: 19. 20. 21. 22. יתּ֑ ִ לְ וּ
Page 209 and 210: g An internal accusative is an expr
Page 211 and 212: i The so-called “datival accusati
Page 213 and 214: 5. 6. 7. ת ֶב ֶכֹשׁ ֫ ה ָ
Page 215 and 216: substantive, adjective, or particip
Page 217 and 218: 41. Ps 71:7 The accusative of speci
Page 219 and 220: [Page 175] 15. Deut 27:6 The accusa
Page 221 and 222: 34. םתוֹא ָ ליחִ ְנַי
Page 223 and 224: called nota accusativi.” 30 A. M.
Page 225 and 226: ַ ִ ֱ ַ ַ ֫ ַ a The emphatic
Page 227 and 228: ָ ִ ְ ֶ b The particle תא is
Page 229 and 230: 3. 4. 5. 6. ן ִמָ ינְ ִבּ
Page 231 and 232: 20. וּכלְ ה־אֹ ֽ ָ ל י
Page 233 and 234: a Before the decipherment of the Ug
Page 235 and 236: 2.13 לע 2.14 םע 2.15 תחתּ 11
Page 237 and 238: 2. CVC, the proclitic prepositions
Page 239 and 240: complex prepositions (11.3), some s
Page 241 and 242: 11.2.1 ירֵ חֲ א ַ ~רחַ א
Page 243 and 244: 6. וֹא תוֹא ךָי ֶל֫ א
Page 245 and 246: [Page 196] 11.2.5 ְבּ a This prep
Page 247 and 248: 19. תִיבַּ֫ ה ַ עקַ רְ
Page 249 and 250: 35. 36. ךָתְּ ְב ִשׁ ְבּ
Page 251 and 252: [Page 201] 11. ימִּ ַע ןיבּ
Page 253 and 254: a This preposition is the only extr
Page 255 and 256: 12. תָ ֹתּ֫ חִ ה ַ וֹ ֑
Page 257: 6. ת ֵע ְל ה ָנֹוּיּהַ
Page 261 and 262: 42. 43. 44. 45. קוֹת ָמ ל ְ
Page 263 and 264: [Page 211] 59. 60. 61. ךָוֹ ֑מ
Page 265 and 266: from a specified beginning point (#
Page 267 and 268: 20. תירִ ְכ ַנ אוֹלוְ
Page 269 and 270: d A goal of an abstract sort may be
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Page 275 and 276: and specify the nature of its relat
Page 277 and 278: It is not rare, however, for the pr
Page 279 and 280: exclude such a union, the prepositi
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Page 287 and 288: 28. 29. 27. קחָ ְצִי ְל י
Page 289 and 290: ןֹטקָּ הַ Gen 1:16 [Page 235
Page 291 and 292: while in # 9 the definite (or arthr
Page 293 and 294: ר ָפ ָעה ֶ the dust 15. In s
Page 295 and 296: ידַּ ַשׁ לאֵ Ruling (?) God
Page 297 and 298: a The common noun with the article
Page 299 and 300: 16. 17. [Page 244] 18. טי ִל ָ
Page 301 and 302: 36. 37. 35. ׃בהָ ָ ֶ זּ ַב
Page 303 and 304: 10. 11. ר ַענּ ֑ ָ֫ה ַ ה
Page 305 and 306: ַ ַ ַ ְ ַ ָ ַ ֶ ֫ ָ ֶ֫
Page 307 and 308: דמָ ָע חַ רָי ְ ו ְ Mo
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a Nouns can be modified in a variet
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c An adjective often agrees with it
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Chap. 15). Another influence may be
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2. 3. ךָיט֫ ֶ ָפּ ְשׁ מ
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20. ה֑ עָ ר ָ ץרֶ א֫ ָ
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4. םי ִלֹד גּ ְ םִיוֹ
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25. 26. רב֑ ָ דּ ָ הוהימ
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Ezek 9:9 Various divine names can b
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33. 34. רי ִעה ָ י ֵלֹד
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15.6 Distributive Expressions 15.1
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םִינ ַ֫ ְשׁ ִל Ezra 10:13
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[Page 276] i As a substantive the n
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4. 5. וינָ ָבּ ת ַע ְב
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the latter otherwise unused. 15 (3)
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11. םי ִע ְב ִשׁ ו ְ םי
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18. תוֹא ֵמ־עבַ ְשׁוּ
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8. שׁדֶ ֹח ֫ ר ָשׂ ָע ם
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a The multiplicative expressions ar
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The other pattern, used for fractio
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The traditional segregation of pron
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elements also found in demonstrativ
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+ pronoun, although the former is m
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17. [Page 296] 18. ׃םרָ ְבא
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c This construction has a “select
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18. 17. . תוֹכלָ ְמּ ה ָ
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3. התָּ א ַ ה ֵנּה ִ וי
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one point is especially important.
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15. הֹמלֹ ְשׁ ִלּ ֶשׁ
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17.1 Introduction 17.2 Morphology 1
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Other adverbs of demonstrative forc
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an attributive adjective (i.e., wit
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10. 9. ת ֶשׁלֹ ְשׁ ִל הו
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9. ה֑ לֶ ֲענ ַ ךְרֶ דּ
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10. אוּהה ַ םוֹיּבּ ַ ם
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d There are four major parts of the
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2. 3. 5. הזֶ ָלּה ַ שׁיא
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21. אוֹלה ֲ בֹק ֲעַי ע
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preposition…[The pattern] poses a
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15. 16. Judg 11:12 םוֹל ָשׁ ְ
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37. אוּה ר ָב ְכּ הָיה
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The core term of the network, יא,
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23. ה ָנוֹז ְל התְי ָ
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introduced by the “relative” ma
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Like š, z is a frequent element in
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13. הָיה־ר ָ֫ ֶשׁ א ֲ
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9. ךְ֑ ל־ם ָ ֶלּ ַשְׁי
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14. [Page 338] 13. םוֹ ֑ל ָשׁ
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An “independent relative” claus
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הוּ ֫כַּ יּו, ַ which would
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might seem to be. 7 This survey is
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love’) or in past time (‘I love
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state; such a construction is calle
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different in Latin-influenced gramm
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the fact that the verbal stems cons
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picture John as he cooked the cabba
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only a participator in it. English,
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verb would be the object in an equi
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lengthening of the a before a non-g
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22.1 Introduction a The most common
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e English offers a second convenien
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ד֑ וִדּ־ת ָ א ֶ בהֹא
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The fientive (a/u) pattern is the m
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11. 12. [Page 370] 13. ָ ֑ ֵ֫
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3. 2. יחי ֑ ִ ִשׂ וי ָל
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50. 51. ץֹפּחַי ְ רפח ~
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ךְתָּ אִ ֵמ 2 Kgs 2:10 Some
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22.7 Qal Impersonal Constructions a
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protective h, for example, imperati
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i The Niphal normally functions as
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marked with the same case inflectio
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e Passive constructions in Hebrew m
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auxiliary[Page 386] verb in the uni
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ם ִמי ִענּ ְ הַ ו ְ ם
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In a transitive sentence the recipr
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23.5 Isolated and Denominative Niph
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old Qal passive would have a šureq
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a Since the Hithpael historically t
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such an approach is awkward, and ea
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meaning is labeled “factitive,”
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I. Qal-Piel-Hiphil attested (ca. 45
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5. ןהֶ ֵלא ֲ אוֹבתּ ָ
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h Given that the factitive is assoc
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1b. ק ֵלּחַ ֵמ וּלּ ַכְ
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waters). Ps 30:2 Regarding the use
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24.4 Denominative a Since the Piel
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ַ ָ ָ ֲ ֵ ַ ַ ְ ַ ְ ְ ָ
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24. Deut 7:26 h In the numeral deno
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׃וֹל י ֵכוֹח־ל ָכּ Isa
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is not concerned with an act but an
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If the implicit action is indirect
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8. 9. ךְרֹבְ ַ י ךָתְ
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of the t (ת →ט; ## 18-19). If t
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Piel stem. 8 The presence of passiv
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implies that he disallows Goetze’
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Jer 5:9 3. א ֵשּׂ נַ תְ ִמ
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2. גח־שׁ ֑ ָ דֶּ קַ תְ
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1b. 2a. 2b. Ps 111:2 הוהי ֑ ך
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[Page 436] f The fundamental causat
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11c. עַ ֻשׁוֹהְי־תא ֶ
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18b. ַ 18c. עי ִשׁ רְ ַמ
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with a subject and two accusatives,
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generation (e.g., רֹכבּ ְ ‘f
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15. 14. תוֹרהָ ְנ וּחינ
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[Page 448] 1d. הֹערְ ַפּ־ת
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[Page 450] 4b. 4c. 5a. ץרֶ א֑
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2c. הדֶ ָשּׂ ה ַ תַ יּחַ
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5. imperative דֹמ ֲע י ִל
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ise of modern linguistic thinking,
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conversive.’ The ordinary waw, th
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concrete nouns, represented the pas
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particles occurring with the “aff
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j Moreover, Ewald is guilty of redu
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o Turner presents us once again wit
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constructed imperfect indicative of
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jussive. It may be argued from the
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approach as the grammars must of ne
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meaningful only in relation to anot
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considered in the immediate relatio
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d The second verb in the example ab
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a The Hebrew conjugations qtl and y
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perfective aspect. The variations c
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a Stative verbs differ from fientiv
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listeners to infer the more precise
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5. ל ַכ ָשׂ םתא ָ ֵצ י
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24. 25. 27. הוהי־לא ֶ יד
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37. התָּ ַע אֹ לו ְ וּ
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4. ׃וֹמּ ִע ֵמ ןקֵ ז ָ
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494] 1. הז ֶ וּנ ְב ַשׁ ֫
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6.3 Past Time with Particles 31.7 N
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Judg 2:1 (5) After the adverbials
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the[Page 500] object of our study
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h On balance the comparative-histor
Page 573 and 574:
participle, this use lends itself t
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Ps 61:3 This use forms a fitting co
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2. א ֵצ ָמִּי אֹ ל שׁר
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Exod 21:36 31.5 Volitional Uses of
Page 581 and 582:
the indicative mood, the mood of ce
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c The consequent situation may in f
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31.7 Nun-Bearing Forms a Some non-p
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ָ ְ ִ ֵ ִ ָ ֱ ַ ִ ֫ ַ ְ
Page 589 and 590:
unassimilated (## 1a, 2a, 3a) or as
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2a. 2b. ם ֶכתְ א ֶ יתִּ
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(a) with a stative verb (after an i
Page 595 and 596:
Whatever…be the shade of meaning
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as with the English ‘then.’ Fur
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9. איהִ ה ַ ראֵ ְבּה־
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Gen 3:22 e Sometimes the non-perfec
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present time). The consequent meani
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םלָּ ֻכּ םיחי ִ רִ ָב
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24. לאוּמ ֵ ְשׁ טֹפּ ְ
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asserts an actual concrete event, w
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ם ֶכבּ ָ הוהי־ףאַ 17.
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Vanoni has studied the two most com
Page 615 and 616:
ִ֫ ָ ַ ָ ִ ְ ֲ ָ ֵ ִ ֶ
Page 617 and 618:
is normally prefixed to the short p
Page 619 and 620:
origin of the wa in the Akkadian co
Page 621 and 622:
number of cases to justify, explain
Page 623 and 624:
translated as presents. The same is
Page 625 and 626:
33.2.2 Epexegesis a Sometimes the s
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epresent the pluperfect. David Qimh
Page 629 and 630:
12. םירִ ָבדּ ְ ה ַ יר
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12. 13. [Page 556] 14. וּשׁ ָ֫
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Ps 109:28 e Wayyqtl is also used af
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ינִּ ֶמּ ֫ ִמ 7. . . . וּ
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7. ז֑ ע־אֹ ָ ל ם ַע םי
Page 639 and 640:
16. יקּ֑ ָח ֻ ר ֵפּסַ ל
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other languages. Through the voliti
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[Page 567] b In earlier stages of N
Page 645 and 646:
The sense of a jussive in simple di
Page 647 and 648:
language of bare fact, a poet often
Page 649 and 650:
9. שֹׁבּ־ד ַע וֹב־וּר
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34.5.1 Cohortative in Independent C
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a In sentences made up of more than
Page 655 and 656:
lacking in post-exilic texts synopt
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7. . . . ךָ ְצרְ אַ ֵמ ך
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Gen 12:13 [Page 580] 35 Infinitive
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The pattern of the Qal infinitive a
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3. ה ָנּר֫ ֶ ְכּ ְמ ת־
Page 665 and 666:
infinitive, and so we do not recogn
Page 667 and 668:
15. וּני ֵל֫ ָע ררֵ תּ
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34. יתִּ ְכס־אֹ ֑֫ ָ ל
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9. 10. ה ָנ ְכלַ ֫ תּ ֵ
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8. 9. 10. דמֵ ְשׁ ה ַ אטֵ
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prophetic commands: legislative com
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questions (## 9-11). 55 When the in
Page 679 and 680:
e found in sequence with a perfecti
Page 681 and 682:
typically presented as the “real
Page 683 and 684:
Elsewhere the forms of the possessi
Page 685 and 686:
Gen 40:20 [Page 602] d In an accusa
Page 687 and 688:
1b. אֹ בא־ר ָ ֶשׁ א ֲ ד
Page 689 and 690:
a The combination of l + infinitive
Page 691 and 692:
The subject of the infinitive may b
Page 693 and 694:
heading may be included the very fr
Page 695 and 696:
49. אוֹבל ָ שׁמֶ ֶשּׁ ֫
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used to form the perfective verbs w
Page 699 and 700:
participle is sometimes used where
Page 701 and 702:
fientive participle (with objects:
Page 703 and 704:
25. שׁ ֻבל ְ שׁיאִ ה ָ
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1. שׁא ֵ ךָיהלֹ ֶ֫ א ֱ
Page 707 and 708:
4. תא ֵ תֹאֹרה ָ ךָינ
Page 709 and 710:
22. ר ֵבּד ַמְ ה ַ י ִפ
Page 711 and 712:
םישׁ֑ ִ ְק בַ ְמ Exod 10
Page 713 and 714:
24. 25. Gen 16:8 םהֶ ָל םחָ
Page 715 and 716:
2 Kgs 7:2 37.7 Use with Finite Verb
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17. [Page 630] 16. םינִ תֹנ
Page 719 and 720:
Much of the Masoretic system is foc
Page 721 and 722:
Schneider lists the following macro
Page 723 and 724:
a One of the most common types of l
Page 725 and 726:
7. . ל ַכאֹ נּ־ה ַמ וּר
Page 727 and 728:
6. ם ֶכתְ א ֶ יחי ִ דּ
Page 729 and 730:
ֶ ֫ ֵ ִ ֵ ֲ ֵ ֶ 10) and י
Page 731 and 732:
׃ד ָכל־ם ָ א ִ יתִּ ל
Page 733 and 734:
predicate; see 8.4.) A noun clause
Page 735 and 736:
[Page 646] 16. ׃ינוֹ ִ מ֫ ָ
Page 737 and 738:
3. ירִ ְמ ַצ ימי ַ מוּ
Page 739 and 740:
the two uses of w«/wa joining clau
Page 741 and 742:
. . . םינִ ָפל ְ םֵ יּק
Page 743 and 744:
1. [Page 654] 2. הת֑ ֵ ְשׁוּ
Page 745 and 746:
hills,’ 27 suggests that the last
Page 747 and 748:
י ִכּ ה ָמ ח֑ ָ֫ ר ֻ א
Page 749 and 750:
18. לוֹמ ְ ֶ 19. 20. 21. 22. 2
Page 751 and 752:
ֵ ְ ַ ִ ְ ֶ ֫ 3. םארא ם
Page 753 and 754:
Verbless clauses are negated with
Page 755 and 756:
5. . . . ךְִיר֫ ַ ָבחֲ
Page 757 and 758:
15. יתִּ רְ ַכז־אֹ ָ ל
Page 759 and 760:
contrast, ןכ־לע usually introd
Page 761 and 762:
ינִ א־ר ֲ ֶשׁ א ֲ תא
Page 763 and 764:
c The full range of uses is evident
Page 765 and 766:
ר ָשׂ ָבּ־ךְאַ . . . ה֑
Page 767 and 768:
׃א ֵבחָ הֵ ְבּ 20. לבָ
Page 769 and 770:
with יח), nominal exclamations (e
Page 771 and 772:
c Presentatives introducing longer
Page 773 and 774:
elation (# 21), a condition (# 22)
Page 775 and 776:
2. ימִ ְשׁ ִבּ יתִּ ְע
Page 777 and 778:
[Page 681] 1. ויבִ א־ל ָ א
Page 779 and 780:
6. 5. אֹ ל םִי ַל֫ ָשׁ
Page 781 and 782:
a There are two types of questions
Page 783 and 784:
apocope the shortening of a form at
Page 785 and 786:
generic statement a statement refer
Page 787 and 788:
predicate adjective an adjective th
Page 789 and 790:
object; in passive voice the patien
Page 791 and 792:
Jaakov Levi. 1987. Die Inkongruenz
Page 793 and 794:
F. J. Goldbaum. 1964. Two Hebrew Qu
Page 795 and 796:
Ziont Zevit. 1977. The Linguistic a
Page 797 and 798:
David W. Baker. 1973. The Consecuti
Page 799 and 800:
James A. Huges. 1970. Another Look
Page 801 and 802:
——— . 1985. The Conditioning
Page 803 and 804:
———. 1978. Hebrew Stress Shif
Page 805 and 806:
———. 1971-72. The Oldest Evid
Page 807 and 808:
Avi Hurvitz. 1982. A Linguistic Stu
Page 809 and 810:
James Barr. 1968. Comparative Philo
Page 811 and 812:
John Macdonald. 1969. The Samaritan
Page 813 and 814:
W. J. van Bekkum. 1983. Observation
Page 815 and 816:
C. Rabin. 1943. The Evolution of th
Page 817 and 818:
J. A. Knudtzon, O. Weber, and E. Eb
Page 819 and 820:
———. 1986. The QATAL with Fut
Page 821 and 822:
August Dillmann. 1857. Grammatik de
Page 823 and 824:
Wolfram von Soden. 1965. Zur Method
Page 825 and 826:
Language in Literature, ed. K. Pomo
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An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax

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