An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax

More documents

Recommendations

Info

דֹא ְמ וּמ ְצע־י ֽ ָ ִכּ םי ִשׁ רָ ָפּ 36. ךְ ֵלּ ֻע ְ תּדְ בַּ ְכה ִ ןקֵ ז־ל ָ ַע ׃דֹא ְמ 37. הּ ַב ָגו ְ א ָשּׂ נִ ו ְ םוּרָי ׃דֹא ְמ Isa 31:1 On the elderly you have made your yoke exceedingly heavy. Isa 47:6 He is high and lifted up and extremely exalted. Isa 52:13 39.3.5 Restrictive Adverbs a The category of restrictive clausal adverbs includes a range of particles said to function as restrictive, exceptive, adversative, or limitative entities. 89 These adverbs are intermediate in sense between negative and emphatic adverbs: they are often essentially negators of continuity between clauses, and they highlight the special status of the clause they occur in. Indeed, it could well be argued that these constitute a special class of the emphatic adverbs; they certainly show a greater unity than the emphatic class as a whole. Further, as we shall see, these adverbs often have strictly emphatic functions. b The position of the restrictive adverbs is always, in some sense, medial to the discourse. Let us say that there are two situations, A and B. Clause B with a restrictive adverb describes situation B. The three uses of restrictive adverbs are these: (1) Situation[Page 669] A is described in the immediately preceding clause (= clause A); the adverb (e.g., raq) follows, and it has the sense ‘only, except.’ (2) Situation A is described in the preceding group of clauses; the adverb follows, with the sense ‘however, nevertheless, only.’(3) Situation A is not described but may be inferred from context; the adverb follows, with the sense ‘I thought/It seemed to be otherwise but now I realize/it is obvious that…’ This diverse set of relationships between the anterior or restricted situation and the restricting clause accounts for the usual polar glosses for, for example, ˒ăbāl ‘of a truth’ and ‘but.’ Of these two glosses, the second is more basic; the ‘surely’ senses of these adverbs are secondary. 90 89 Williams, Hebrew Syntax, 92–94. 90 The relationship among the various functions is recognized by Muraoka for ˒ak (Emphatic Words, 129–30) and raq (pp. 130–32), but only with two stipulations: that the emphatic force of ˒ak is “original” and the “restrictiveadversative use” is a secondary development with “a slight residue of the original force…still preserved originally” (p. 130) and that the reverse (from restrictive to emphatic) is true for raq. The developments are not historical, however, but semantic, and no one sense has an assignable priority.
c The full range of uses is evident with קר, which with ךְא is the most common of these adverbs. 91 The immediate restrictive sense of קר is found when it stands initially (## 1–2) or medially (# 3) in its clause; the standard English glosses reflect the polarity of the preceding clause: after a positive clause, ‘only,’ end after a negative, ‘but, except.’ The general restrictive sense is found in two settings: raq may introduce a summary (often with instructions; # 4) or a clarification (## 5–6) of what precedes. 92 The unspecified restrictive sense (i.e., where the situation to be qualified is not described) has with קר, as with other adverbs of this group, an emphatic effect (# 7). 1. ךָמְּ ִמ םי ִעדְּ רְ ַפ ְצה ַ וּרסָ וְ רֹאְי בּ ַ קרַ . . . ׃ה ָנרְ א֫ ַ ָשּׁ תִּ 2. בוֹטּ ַכּ ןהֶ ָל וּשׂ ֲעוַ םי ִשׁ נָ אֲ ָל קר ַ ם֑ כי ֶ ני ֵ ֵע ְבּ ר ָבד ָ וּשׂ ֲעתּ־ל ַ א ַ לאֵ הָ 3. ל ַכאֹ י . . . ךָתְ ָמ דְ א ַ ירִ ְפּ תָּ ְעדָי־אֹ ֑֫ ָ ל ר ֶשׁ א ֲ ם ַע ץוּצרָ ו ְ קוּשׁ ָע קר ַ תי ָ ִי֫ הָ וְ ׃םימָ ִ יּה־ל ַ ָכּ 4. ע ַמ ְשׁ לאֵ רָ ְשִׂי התָּ ַעוְ . . . םי ִקּ חֻ ה־ל ַ אֶ . . וּיחְ תּ ִ ן ַע ַמ ֫ ל ְ תוֹ ֑שׂ ֲע ַל . ר ָבדּ ָ ה־ל ַ ַע וּפסֹת ִ֫ אֹ ל . םי ִק בֵ דְּ ה ַ םתֶּ אַ וְ . . ר ֶמ ָשּׁ ה ִ קרַ . . . הוהיבַּ ךָ ְל [Page 670] ה ֶל ֲעתּ־ן ַ פּ ֶ ךָ ְל ר ֶמ ָשּׁ הִ . . . םוֹק ָמ־ל ָכבּ ְ ךָ֑יתלֹֹע ֶ֫ The frogs will depart from you.…Only they shall remain in the Nile. Exod 8:7 Do what you like to these (women). Only do nothing to these men. Gen 19:8 A people you don’t know will consume your land’s fruit.…You shall be nothing but squeezed and crushed forever. Deut 28:33 Now, Israel, hearken to the statutes…by carrying them out, so that you can live.…Do not add to the message.…You are those who have clung to YHWH.…Only [the most important thing is/the upshot is], take heed. Deut 4:1–2, 4, 9 Take heed lest you offer ˓ōlôt offerings in every site.…However [only ˓ōlôt offerings are so restricted— 91 The adverb raq is found 109 times, and ˒ak 161 times (SA/THAT). On the former, see B. Jongeling, “La particule ק ַ ר,” Oudtestamentische Studiën 18 (1973) 97–107; his account overemphasizes the importance of position. Rare in verse, raq is also used as an item adverb (e.g., Gen 6:5, 41:40). For rq and ˒k together, see Num 1–2:2. 92 See also 1 Kgs 8:9.
Page 1 and 2:
An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew
Page 3 and 4:
AV Authorized Version (1611) LXX Se
Page 5 and 6:
first quarter of the nineteenth cen
Page 7 and 8:
use it. In any format, intermediate
Page 9 and 10:
have continued to make small adjust
Page 11 and 12:
from all stages, from the oldest po
Page 13 and 14:
the Hebrew Bible is written in Aram
Page 15 and 16:
Late Third Millennium (2350-2000).
Page 17 and 18:
especially problematic body of mate
Page 19 and 20:
do the Tosefta and halakhic (legal)
Page 21 and 22:
c Judgments regarding these literar
Page 23 and 24:
the text type represented by the Sa
Page 25 and 26:
established on the basis of Ugariti
Page 27 and 28:
history and of captors in their lat
Page 29 and 30:
B.C.E.), they began to indicate fin
Page 31 and 32:
tetragrammaton (YHWH), occasionally
Page 33 and 34:
the text. By at least 100 C.E. the
Page 35 and 36:
1.6 Masoretic Text 1.6.1 Character
Page 37 and 38:
ומש הוהי would originally ha
Page 39 and 40:
f During the more fluid stages of t
Page 41 and 42:
In his later psalter, “Juxta Hebr
Page 43 and 44:
groups of words joined by conjuncti
Page 45 and 46:
service as dean or gaon of the Jewi
Page 47 and 48:
e The Masoretes, whose work had cul
Page 49 and 50:
three radicals of the root by Pe (f
Page 51 and 52:
The labors of adaptation culminated
Page 53 and 54:
a Linguistic literature on Hebrew f
Page 55 and 56:
d In spite of various contacts betw
Page 57 and 58:
Arabic (like other languages) was a
Page 59 and 60:
(1897) 49 and in the grammar of Han
Page 61 and 62:
describe and refer to the real worl
Page 63 and 64:
One way to view the grammar/lexis o
Page 65 and 66:
3. I ate ice cream with my spoon. I
Page 67 and 68:
should primary attention be given t
Page 69 and 70:
vowels (syncope). The fullest form
Page 71 and 72:
3.3.4 Discourse and Text a Most lin
Page 73 and 74:
that embody textual relations, anal
Page 75 and 76:
given language, where the base is n
Page 77 and 78:
users. 31 Historical variation is t
Page 79 and 80:
would cost the speaker’s life. 36
Page 81 and 82:
two levels of language has been res
Page 83 and 84:
4.6 Modifiers 6.1 Adjectival Modifi
Page 85 and 86:
classification refers to[Page 65] t
Page 87 and 88:
2. interjection 3. adverb 4 the spe
Page 89 and 90:
4.3 Phrase and Clause a A phrase is
Page 91 and 92:
5. 6. 7. [Page 70] 8. (5) Infinitiv
Page 93 and 94:
1. 2. 3. 4. הּ ָמ ְשׁ ארָ
Page 95 and 96:
6. [Page 73] 7. םתֶּ אַ םי
Page 97 and 98:
8. 9. 10. 2 Sam 7:6 (8) Relative Cl
Page 99 and 100:
The nominative absolute constructio
Page 101 and 102:
4.8 Sentence Mic 1:2 a The sentence
Page 103 and 104:
1. םִי ר֫ ַ ְצ ִמ וּד
Page 105 and 106:
priority over such abstractions. On
Page 107 and 108:
proposed an elaborate schema to cla
Page 109 and 110:
f This summary of one effort to des
Page 111 and 112:
12. 13. ַ 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
Page 113 and 114:
“sharpens” the root in a semant
Page 115 and 116:
In most of these examples the vowel
Page 117 and 118:
30. 5.7 Patterns with Suffixing ב
Page 119 and 120:
example, liškâ and niškâ, ‘ro
Page 121 and 122:
The -â ending (the he is a mater l
Page 123 and 124:
peoples individualized objects, sor
Page 125 and 126:
languages; among those that do not
Page 127 and 128:
classes of nouns reflected in the b
Page 129 and 130:
In time -at came to have the ultima
Page 131 and 132:
Another masculine head noun is תי
Page 133 and 134:
d Single components of a collective
Page 135 and 136:
The doublet ה ָנ ֵע ְשׁ ַ
Page 137 and 138:
ךָתֶּ ֫ ִבוּ־ךָנְ ִב
Page 139 and 140:
ִ ֶ֫ ְ ַ 110] 4. 5. ה ָמּ
Page 141 and 142:
in a way somewhat different from th
Page 143 and 144:
With collectives the singular desig
Page 145 and 146:
9. 10. שׁיא ִ לֹכּ ם ֶכי
Page 147 and 148:
11. 12. ׃בלֵ ו ָ בל־אֹ
Page 149 and 150:
d For complex historical reasons, a
Page 151 and 152:
The plural of a singular collective
Page 153 and 154:
18:51, 28:8, 42:6, 44:5; sing. freq
Page 155 and 156:
used of various gods, it takes plur
Page 157 and 158:
28:28). It also occurs in passages
Page 159 and 160:
singular plural dual nominative -u
Page 161 and 162:
e genitive and the -ô either accus
Page 163 and 164:
הוהי־ר ַבד ְ הָיהָ
Page 165 and 166:
8.4.1 Clauses of Identification a I
Page 167 and 168:
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Gen 42:11 ׃אוּה
Page 169 and 170:
Num 13:29 This rule does not apply
Page 171 and 172:
‘YHWH our God is one YHWH’) 23
Page 173 and 174:
for example, a noun (the modified)
Page 175 and 176:
ְ ֶ ָ ִ֫ ִ ְ ֶ ְ ְ ְ b M
Page 177 and 178:
coordinate elements in the compound
Page 179 and 180:
genitive of agent (or a subjective
Page 181 and 182:
2 Chr 24:6 [Page 144] d An agent or
Page 183 and 184:
25. 26. 27. 28. 29. ויבִ א־ת
Page 185 and 186:
9. 10. ךָתְּ רְ אַ ְפתּ
Page 187 and 188:
9.5.3 Adjectival Genitive a In adje
Page 189 and 190:
16. ה ָנ ָשׁ־ן ֶבּ ר ָכ
Page 191 and 192:
34. [Page 152] 35. 36. םחֶ ֶל
Page 193 and 194:
i In other genitives of class, the
Page 195 and 196:
A prepositional phrase most often s
Page 197 and 198:
9.7 Determination and Periphrasis a
Page 199 and 200:
A comparable eonstruetion involves
Page 201 and 202:
5. 6. 7. תוֹא ָב ְצ ( ם־י
Page 203 and 204:
within the clause. 2 In this exampl
Page 205 and 206:
5. She gave him the books. 6. She g
Page 207 and 208:
19. 20. 21. 22. יתּ֑ ִ לְ וּ
Page 209 and 210:
g An internal accusative is an expr
Page 211 and 212:
i The so-called “datival accusati
Page 213 and 214:
5. 6. 7. ת ֶב ֶכֹשׁ ֫ ה ָ
Page 215 and 216:
substantive, adjective, or particip
Page 217 and 218:
41. Ps 71:7 The accusative of speci
Page 219 and 220:
[Page 175] 15. Deut 27:6 The accusa
Page 221 and 222:
34. םתוֹא ָ ליחִ ְנַי
Page 223 and 224:
called nota accusativi.” 30 A. M.
Page 225 and 226:
ַ ִ ֱ ַ ַ ֫ ַ a The emphatic
Page 227 and 228:
ָ ִ ְ ֶ b The particle תא is
Page 229 and 230:
3. 4. 5. 6. ן ִמָ ינְ ִבּ
Page 231 and 232:
20. וּכלְ ה־אֹ ֽ ָ ל י
Page 233 and 234:
a Before the decipherment of the Ug
Page 235 and 236:
2.13 לע 2.14 םע 2.15 תחתּ 11
Page 237 and 238:
2. CVC, the proclitic prepositions
Page 239 and 240:
complex prepositions (11.3), some s
Page 241 and 242:
11.2.1 ירֵ חֲ א ַ ~רחַ א
Page 243 and 244:
6. וֹא תוֹא ךָי ֶל֫ א
Page 245 and 246:
[Page 196] 11.2.5 ְבּ a This prep
Page 247 and 248:
19. תִיבַּ֫ ה ַ עקַ רְ
Page 249 and 250:
35. 36. ךָתְּ ְב ִשׁ ְבּ
Page 251 and 252:
[Page 201] 11. ימִּ ַע ןיבּ
Page 253 and 254:
a This preposition is the only extr
Page 255 and 256:
12. תָ ֹתּ֫ חִ ה ַ וֹ ֑
Page 257 and 258:
6. ת ֵע ְל ה ָנֹוּיּהַ
Page 259 and 260:
26. Gen 12:18 הוהי ַל אוּה
Page 261 and 262:
42. 43. 44. 45. קוֹת ָמ ל ְ
Page 263 and 264:
[Page 211] 59. 60. 61. ךָוֹ ֑מ
Page 265 and 266:
from a specified beginning point (#
Page 267 and 268:
20. תירִ ְכ ַנ אוֹלוְ
Page 269 and 270:
d A goal of an abstract sort may be
Page 271 and 272:
d The preposition can mark an objec
Page 273 and 274:
׃עַ ֻשׁוֹהְי 5. ינֹד
Page 275 and 276:
and specify the nature of its relat
Page 277 and 278:
It is not rare, however, for the pr
Page 279 and 280:
exclude such a union, the prepositi
Page 281 and 282:
more precisely. Phrases which in En
Page 283 and 284:
elate clauses by juxtaposition, the
Page 285 and 286:
8. 9. ה ָנ ָמ לְ א ַ ה ָ
Page 287 and 288:
28. 29. 27. קחָ ְצִי ְל י
Page 289 and 290:
ןֹטקָּ הַ Gen 1:16 [Page 235
Page 291 and 292:
while in # 9 the definite (or arthr
Page 293 and 294:
ר ָפ ָעה ֶ the dust 15. In s
Page 295 and 296:
ידַּ ַשׁ לאֵ Ruling (?) God
Page 297 and 298:
a The common noun with the article
Page 299 and 300:
16. 17. [Page 244] 18. טי ִל ָ
Page 301 and 302:
36. 37. 35. ׃בהָ ָ ֶ זּ ַב
Page 303 and 304:
10. 11. ר ַענּ ֑ ָ֫ה ַ ה
Page 305 and 306:
ַ ַ ַ ְ ַ ָ ַ ֶ ֫ ָ ֶ֫
Page 307 and 308:
דמָ ָע חַ רָי ְ ו ְ Mo
Page 309 and 310:
a Nouns can be modified in a variet
Page 311 and 312:
c An adjective often agrees with it
Page 313 and 314:
Chap. 15). Another influence may be
Page 315 and 316:
2. 3. ךָיט֫ ֶ ָפּ ְשׁ מ
Page 317 and 318:
20. ה֑ עָ ר ָ ץרֶ א֫ ָ
Page 319 and 320:
4. םי ִלֹד גּ ְ םִיוֹ
Page 321 and 322:
25. 26. רב֑ ָ דּ ָ הוהימ
Page 323 and 324:
Ezek 9:9 Various divine names can b
Page 325 and 326:
33. 34. רי ִעה ָ י ֵלֹד
Page 327 and 328:
15.6 Distributive Expressions 15.1
Page 329 and 330:
םִינ ַ֫ ְשׁ ִל Ezra 10:13
Page 331 and 332:
[Page 276] i As a substantive the n
Page 333 and 334:
4. 5. וינָ ָבּ ת ַע ְב
Page 335 and 336:
the latter otherwise unused. 15 (3)
Page 337 and 338:
11. םי ִע ְב ִשׁ ו ְ םי
Page 339 and 340:
18. תוֹא ֵמ־עבַ ְשׁוּ
Page 341 and 342:
8. שׁדֶ ֹח ֫ ר ָשׂ ָע ם
Page 343 and 344:
a The multiplicative expressions ar
Page 345 and 346:
The other pattern, used for fractio
Page 347 and 348:
The traditional segregation of pron
Page 349 and 350:
elements also found in demonstrativ
Page 351 and 352:
+ pronoun, although the former is m
Page 353 and 354:
17. [Page 296] 18. ׃םרָ ְבא
Page 355 and 356:
c This construction has a “select
Page 357 and 358:
18. 17. . תוֹכלָ ְמּ ה ָ
Page 359 and 360:
3. התָּ א ַ ה ֵנּה ִ וי
Page 361 and 362:
one point is especially important.
Page 363 and 364:
15. הֹמלֹ ְשׁ ִלּ ֶשׁ
Page 365 and 366:
17.1 Introduction 17.2 Morphology 1
Page 367 and 368:
Other adverbs of demonstrative forc
Page 369 and 370:
an attributive adjective (i.e., wit
Page 371 and 372:
10. 9. ת ֶשׁלֹ ְשׁ ִל הו
Page 373 and 374:
9. ה֑ לֶ ֲענ ַ ךְרֶ דּ
Page 375 and 376:
10. אוּהה ַ םוֹיּבּ ַ ם
Page 377 and 378:
d There are four major parts of the
Page 379 and 380:
2. 3. 5. הזֶ ָלּה ַ שׁיא
Page 381 and 382:
21. אוֹלה ֲ בֹק ֲעַי ע
Page 383 and 384:
preposition…[The pattern] poses a
Page 385 and 386:
15. 16. Judg 11:12 םוֹל ָשׁ ְ
Page 387 and 388:
37. אוּה ר ָב ְכּ הָיה
Page 389 and 390:
The core term of the network, יא,
Page 391 and 392:
23. ה ָנוֹז ְל התְי ָ
Page 393 and 394:
introduced by the “relative” ma
Page 395 and 396:
Like š, z is a frequent element in
Page 397 and 398:
13. הָיה־ר ָ֫ ֶשׁ א ֲ
Page 399 and 400:
9. ךְ֑ ל־ם ָ ֶלּ ַשְׁי
Page 401 and 402:
14. [Page 338] 13. םוֹ ֑ל ָשׁ
Page 403 and 404:
An “independent relative” claus
Page 405 and 406:
הוּ ֫כַּ יּו, ַ which would
Page 407 and 408:
might seem to be. 7 This survey is
Page 409 and 410:
love’) or in past time (‘I love
Page 411 and 412:
state; such a construction is calle
Page 413 and 414:
different in Latin-influenced gramm
Page 415 and 416:
the fact that the verbal stems cons
Page 417 and 418:
picture John as he cooked the cabba
Page 419 and 420:
only a participator in it. English,
Page 421 and 422:
verb would be the object in an equi
Page 423 and 424:
lengthening of the a before a non-g
Page 425 and 426:
22.1 Introduction a The most common
Page 427 and 428:
e English offers a second convenien
Page 429 and 430:
ד֑ וִדּ־ת ָ א ֶ בהֹא
Page 431 and 432:
The fientive (a/u) pattern is the m
Page 433 and 434:
11. 12. [Page 370] 13. ָ ֑ ֵ֫
Page 435 and 436:
3. 2. יחי ֑ ִ ִשׂ וי ָל
Page 437 and 438:
50. 51. ץֹפּחַי ְ רפח ~
Page 439 and 440:
ךְתָּ אִ ֵמ 2 Kgs 2:10 Some
Page 441 and 442:
22.7 Qal Impersonal Constructions a
Page 443 and 444:
protective h, for example, imperati
Page 445 and 446:
i The Niphal normally functions as
Page 447 and 448:
marked with the same case inflectio
Page 449 and 450:
e Passive constructions in Hebrew m
Page 451 and 452:
auxiliary[Page 386] verb in the uni
Page 453 and 454:
ם ִמי ִענּ ְ הַ ו ְ ם
Page 455 and 456:
In a transitive sentence the recipr
Page 457 and 458:
23.5 Isolated and Denominative Niph
Page 459 and 460:
old Qal passive would have a šureq
Page 461 and 462:
a Since the Hithpael historically t
Page 463 and 464:
such an approach is awkward, and ea
Page 465 and 466:
meaning is labeled “factitive,”
Page 467 and 468:
I. Qal-Piel-Hiphil attested (ca. 45
Page 469 and 470:
5. ןהֶ ֵלא ֲ אוֹבתּ ָ
Page 471 and 472:
h Given that the factitive is assoc
Page 473 and 474:
1b. ק ֵלּחַ ֵמ וּלּ ַכְ
Page 475 and 476:
waters). Ps 30:2 Regarding the use
Page 477 and 478:
24.4 Denominative a Since the Piel
Page 479 and 480:
ַ ָ ָ ֲ ֵ ַ ַ ְ ַ ְ ְ ָ
Page 481 and 482:
24. Deut 7:26 h In the numeral deno
Page 483 and 484:
׃וֹל י ֵכוֹח־ל ָכּ Isa
Page 485 and 486:
is not concerned with an act but an
Page 487 and 488:
If the implicit action is indirect
Page 489 and 490:
8. 9. ךְרֹבְ ַ י ךָתְ
Page 491 and 492:
of the t (ת →ט; ## 18-19). If t
Page 493 and 494:
Piel stem. 8 The presence of passiv
Page 495 and 496:
implies that he disallows Goetze’
Page 497 and 498:
Jer 5:9 3. א ֵשּׂ נַ תְ ִמ
Page 499 and 500:
2. גח־שׁ ֑ ָ דֶּ קַ תְ
Page 501 and 502:
1b. 2a. 2b. Ps 111:2 הוהי ֑ ך
Page 503 and 504:
[Page 436] f The fundamental causat
Page 505 and 506:
11c. עַ ֻשׁוֹהְי־תא ֶ
Page 507 and 508:
18b. ַ 18c. עי ִשׁ רְ ַמ
Page 509 and 510:
with a subject and two accusatives,
Page 511 and 512:
generation (e.g., רֹכבּ ְ ‘f
Page 513 and 514:
15. 14. תוֹרהָ ְנ וּחינ
Page 515 and 516:
[Page 448] 1d. הֹערְ ַפּ־ת
Page 517 and 518:
[Page 450] 4b. 4c. 5a. ץרֶ א֑
Page 519 and 520:
2c. הדֶ ָשּׂ ה ַ תַ יּחַ
Page 521 and 522:
5. imperative דֹמ ֲע י ִל
Page 523 and 524:
ise of modern linguistic thinking,
Page 525 and 526:
conversive.’ The ordinary waw, th
Page 527 and 528:
concrete nouns, represented the pas
Page 529 and 530:
particles occurring with the “aff
Page 531 and 532:
j Moreover, Ewald is guilty of redu
Page 533 and 534:
o Turner presents us once again wit
Page 535 and 536:
constructed imperfect indicative of
Page 537 and 538:
jussive. It may be argued from the
Page 539 and 540:
approach as the grammars must of ne
Page 541 and 542:
meaningful only in relation to anot
Page 543 and 544:
considered in the immediate relatio
Page 545 and 546:
d The second verb in the example ab
Page 547 and 548:
a The Hebrew conjugations qtl and y
Page 549 and 550:
perfective aspect. The variations c
Page 551 and 552:
a Stative verbs differ from fientiv
Page 553 and 554:
listeners to infer the more precise
Page 555 and 556:
5. ל ַכ ָשׂ םתא ָ ֵצ י
Page 557 and 558:
24. 25. 27. הוהי־לא ֶ יד
Page 559 and 560:
37. התָּ ַע אֹ לו ְ וּ
Page 561 and 562:
4. ׃וֹמּ ִע ֵמ ןקֵ ז ָ
Page 563 and 564:
494] 1. הז ֶ וּנ ְב ַשׁ ֫
Page 565 and 566:
6.3 Past Time with Particles 31.7 N
Page 567 and 568:
Judg 2:1 (5) After the adverbials
Page 569 and 570:
the[Page 500] object of our study
Page 571 and 572:
h On balance the comparative-histor
Page 573 and 574:
participle, this use lends itself t
Page 575 and 576:
Ps 61:3 This use forms a fitting co
Page 577 and 578:
2. א ֵצ ָמִּי אֹ ל שׁר
Page 579 and 580:
Exod 21:36 31.5 Volitional Uses of
Page 581 and 582:
the indicative mood, the mood of ce
Page 583 and 584:
c The consequent situation may in f
Page 585 and 586:
31.7 Nun-Bearing Forms a Some non-p
Page 587 and 588:
ָ ְ ִ ֵ ִ ָ ֱ ַ ִ ֫ ַ ְ
Page 589 and 590:
unassimilated (## 1a, 2a, 3a) or as
Page 591 and 592:
2a. 2b. ם ֶכתְ א ֶ יתִּ
Page 593 and 594:
(a) with a stative verb (after an i
Page 595 and 596:
Whatever…be the shade of meaning
Page 597 and 598:
as with the English ‘then.’ Fur
Page 599 and 600:
9. איהִ ה ַ ראֵ ְבּה־
Page 601 and 602:
Gen 3:22 e Sometimes the non-perfec
Page 603 and 604:
present time). The consequent meani
Page 605 and 606:
םלָּ ֻכּ םיחי ִ רִ ָב
Page 607 and 608:
24. לאוּמ ֵ ְשׁ טֹפּ ְ
Page 609 and 610:
asserts an actual concrete event, w
Page 611 and 612:
ם ֶכבּ ָ הוהי־ףאַ 17.
Page 613 and 614:
Vanoni has studied the two most com
Page 615 and 616:
ִ֫ ָ ַ ָ ִ ְ ֲ ָ ֵ ִ ֶ
Page 617 and 618:
is normally prefixed to the short p
Page 619 and 620:
origin of the wa in the Akkadian co
Page 621 and 622:
number of cases to justify, explain
Page 623 and 624:
translated as presents. The same is
Page 625 and 626:
33.2.2 Epexegesis a Sometimes the s
Page 627 and 628:
epresent the pluperfect. David Qimh
Page 629 and 630:
12. םירִ ָבדּ ְ ה ַ יר
Page 631 and 632:
12. 13. [Page 556] 14. וּשׁ ָ֫
Page 633 and 634:
Ps 109:28 e Wayyqtl is also used af
Page 635 and 636:
ינִּ ֶמּ ֫ ִמ 7. . . . וּ
Page 637 and 638:
7. ז֑ ע־אֹ ָ ל ם ַע םי
Page 639 and 640:
16. יקּ֑ ָח ֻ ר ֵפּסַ ל
Page 641 and 642:
other languages. Through the voliti
Page 643 and 644:
[Page 567] b In earlier stages of N
Page 645 and 646:
The sense of a jussive in simple di
Page 647 and 648:
language of bare fact, a poet often
Page 649 and 650:
9. שֹׁבּ־ד ַע וֹב־וּר
Page 651 and 652:
34.5.1 Cohortative in Independent C
Page 653 and 654:
a In sentences made up of more than
Page 655 and 656:
lacking in post-exilic texts synopt
Page 657 and 658:
7. . . . ךָ ְצרְ אַ ֵמ ך
Page 659 and 660:
Gen 12:13 [Page 580] 35 Infinitive
Page 661 and 662:
The pattern of the Qal infinitive a
Page 663 and 664:
3. ה ָנּר֫ ֶ ְכּ ְמ ת־
Page 665 and 666:
infinitive, and so we do not recogn
Page 667 and 668:
15. וּני ֵל֫ ָע ררֵ תּ
Page 669 and 670:
34. יתִּ ְכס־אֹ ֑֫ ָ ל
Page 671 and 672:
9. 10. ה ָנ ְכלַ ֫ תּ ֵ
Page 673 and 674:
8. 9. 10. דמֵ ְשׁ ה ַ אטֵ
Page 675 and 676:
prophetic commands: legislative com
Page 677 and 678:
questions (## 9-11). 55 When the in
Page 679 and 680:
e found in sequence with a perfecti
Page 681 and 682:
typically presented as the “real
Page 683 and 684:
Elsewhere the forms of the possessi
Page 685 and 686:
Gen 40:20 [Page 602] d In an accusa
Page 687 and 688:
1b. אֹ בא־ר ָ ֶשׁ א ֲ ד
Page 689 and 690:
a The combination of l + infinitive
Page 691 and 692:
The subject of the infinitive may b
Page 693 and 694:
heading may be included the very fr
Page 695 and 696:
49. אוֹבל ָ שׁמֶ ֶשּׁ ֫
Page 697 and 698:
used to form the perfective verbs w
Page 699 and 700:
participle is sometimes used where
Page 701 and 702:
fientive participle (with objects:
Page 703 and 704:
25. שׁ ֻבל ְ שׁיאִ ה ָ
Page 705 and 706:
1. שׁא ֵ ךָיהלֹ ֶ֫ א ֱ
Page 707 and 708:
4. תא ֵ תֹאֹרה ָ ךָינ
Page 709 and 710:
22. ר ֵבּד ַמְ ה ַ י ִפ
Page 711 and 712: םישׁ֑ ִ ְק בַ ְמ Exod 10
Page 713 and 714: 24. 25. Gen 16:8 םהֶ ָל םחָ
Page 715 and 716: 2 Kgs 7:2 37.7 Use with Finite Verb
Page 717 and 718: 17. [Page 630] 16. םינִ תֹנ
Page 719 and 720: Much of the Masoretic system is foc
Page 721 and 722: Schneider lists the following macro
Page 723 and 724: a One of the most common types of l
Page 725 and 726: 7. . ל ַכאֹ נּ־ה ַמ וּר
Page 727 and 728: 6. ם ֶכתְ א ֶ יחי ִ דּ
Page 729 and 730: ֶ ֫ ֵ ִ ֵ ֲ ֵ ֶ 10) and י
Page 731 and 732: ׃ד ָכל־ם ָ א ִ יתִּ ל
Page 733 and 734: predicate; see 8.4.) A noun clause
Page 735 and 736: [Page 646] 16. ׃ינוֹ ִ מ֫ ָ
Page 737 and 738: 3. ירִ ְמ ַצ ימי ַ מוּ
Page 739 and 740: the two uses of w«/wa joining clau
Page 741 and 742: . . . םינִ ָפל ְ םֵ יּק
Page 743 and 744: 1. [Page 654] 2. הת֑ ֵ ְשׁוּ
Page 745 and 746: hills,’ 27 suggests that the last
Page 747 and 748: י ִכּ ה ָמ ח֑ ָ֫ ר ֻ א
Page 749 and 750: 18. לוֹמ ְ ֶ 19. 20. 21. 22. 2
Page 751 and 752: ֵ ְ ַ ִ ְ ֶ ֫ 3. םארא ם
Page 753 and 754: Verbless clauses are negated with
Page 755 and 756: 5. . . . ךְִיר֫ ַ ָבחֲ
Page 757 and 758: 15. יתִּ רְ ַכז־אֹ ָ ל
Page 759 and 760: contrast, ןכ־לע usually introd
Page 761: ינִ א־ר ֲ ֶשׁ א ֲ תא
Page 765 and 766: ר ָשׂ ָבּ־ךְאַ . . . ה֑
Page 767 and 768: ׃א ֵבחָ הֵ ְבּ 20. לבָ
Page 769 and 770: with יח), nominal exclamations (e
Page 771 and 772: c Presentatives introducing longer
Page 773 and 774: elation (# 21), a condition (# 22)
Page 775 and 776: 2. ימִ ְשׁ ִבּ יתִּ ְע
Page 777 and 778: [Page 681] 1. ויבִ א־ל ָ א
Page 779 and 780: 6. 5. אֹ ל םִי ַל֫ ָשׁ
Page 781 and 782: a There are two types of questions
Page 783 and 784: apocope the shortening of a form at
Page 785 and 786: generic statement a statement refer
Page 787 and 788: predicate adjective an adjective th
Page 789 and 790: object; in passive voice the patien
Page 791 and 792: Jaakov Levi. 1987. Die Inkongruenz
Page 793 and 794: F. J. Goldbaum. 1964. Two Hebrew Qu
Page 795 and 796: Ziont Zevit. 1977. The Linguistic a
Page 797 and 798: David W. Baker. 1973. The Consecuti
Page 799 and 800: James A. Huges. 1970. Another Look
Page 801 and 802: ——— . 1985. The Conditioning
Page 803 and 804: ———. 1978. Hebrew Stress Shif
Page 805 and 806: ———. 1971-72. The Oldest Evid
Page 807 and 808: Avi Hurvitz. 1982. A Linguistic Stu
Page 809 and 810: James Barr. 1968. Comparative Philo
Page 811 and 812: John Macdonald. 1969. The Samaritan
Page 813 and 814:
W. J. van Bekkum. 1983. Observation
Page 815 and 816:
C. Rabin. 1943. The Evolution of th
Page 817 and 818:
J. A. Knudtzon, O. Weber, and E. Eb
Page 819 and 820:
———. 1986. The QATAL with Fut
Page 821 and 822:
August Dillmann. 1857. Grammatik de
Page 823 and 824:
Wolfram von Soden. 1965. Zur Method
Page 825 and 826:
Language in Literature, ed. K. Pomo
show all

An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?