An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax

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future tense, etc., and a “shorter”(?) form for past narrative. Let us review some of the comparative data. 68 f In Akkadian one finds a long prefix conjugation (the “present” iparras, irappud, ikabbit) to express incomplete or habitual action in past time, a historical present or actual present, and simple future, as well as modal nuances. As we shall see, this range of uses comports almost exactly with that of the Hebrew yqtl (historically *yaqtula). Akkadian also has a short prefix conjugation (the “preterite”—iprus, iplah, ikbit) for either preterite action or the jussive mood. 69 The discovery of this form led philologists to see West Semitic yaqtul (i.e., Hebrew jussive and wayyqtl) as both preterite and jussive. g In Arabic one also finds a long prefix conjugation (yaqtulu), signifying imperfect aspect, circumstantial action, and (with the particle sawfa) future time. The short prefix conjugation (yaqtul) signifies either the jussive mood or (with the negative lam) preterite action. 70 h As for the evidence from Early Northwest Semitic, Ugaritic is problematic because it is unvocalized. In the Amarna correspondence the long form (yaqtulu, pl. yaqtuluna)[Page 469] denotes imperfective aspect, unreal mood, or general present and future actions. The short form (yaqtul, pl. yaqtulu) denotes either jussive mood or preterite action. 71 i How does this evidence help us in understanding Hebrew? Ewald observed that in Hebrew verbs, where prefix forms vary, the wayyqtl form has the same shape as the 68 See N. Waldman, “The Hebrew Tradition,” Current Trends in Linguistics. 13. Historiography of Linguistics, ed. T. A. Sebeok et al. (The Hague: Mouton, 1975) 1285–1330, at 1285–87. * unattested form 69 Von Soden, Grundriss der akkadischen Grammatik, 102–3. 70 W. Wright, A Grammar of the Arabic Language (3d ed.; Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1898), 2. 1822; W. Fisher, Grammatik des klassischen Arabisch (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1972) 96. pl. plural 71 UT §9.10 and n. 73 below. The most intensively studied part of the Amarna correspondence is the body of letters from Byblos (background in P. Swiggers, “Byblos dans les lettres d’el Amarna,” Studia Phoenicia. 3. Phoenicia and Its Neighhors, ed. E. Lipiński [Leuven: Peeters, 1985] 45–58). See in general on the language W. L. Moran, “The Hebrew Language in Its Northwest Semitic Background,” The Bible and the Ancient Near East: Essays in Honor of William Foxwell Albright, ed. G. E. Wright (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1961; rpt. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1979) 54–66, esp. 63–66; and, on the Byblian letters, Moran, “Early Canaanite yaqtula,” Orientalia 29 (1960) 1–19, esp. 7–8. Moran’s full study has never been published: A Syntactical Study of the Dialect of Byblos as Reflected in the Amarna Tablets (Johns Hopkins University Dissertation, 1950); see there esp. pp. 43–51. See also A. F. Rainey, “Morphology and the Prefix- Tenses of West Semitized El Amarna Tablets,” Ugarit-Forschungen 7 (1975) 395– 426
jussive. It may be argued from the comparative Semitic evidence that these forms represent a historically short form in contrast to the regular yqtl. For example, in the Hiphil stem the “imperfect” is yaqtîl (
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An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew
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AV Authorized Version (1611) LXX Se
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first quarter of the nineteenth cen
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use it. In any format, intermediate
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have continued to make small adjust
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from all stages, from the oldest po
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the Hebrew Bible is written in Aram
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Late Third Millennium (2350-2000).
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especially problematic body of mate
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do the Tosefta and halakhic (legal)
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c Judgments regarding these literar
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the text type represented by the Sa
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established on the basis of Ugariti
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history and of captors in their lat
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B.C.E.), they began to indicate fin
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tetragrammaton (YHWH), occasionally
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the text. By at least 100 C.E. the
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1.6 Masoretic Text 1.6.1 Character
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ומש הוהי would originally ha
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f During the more fluid stages of t
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In his later psalter, “Juxta Hebr
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groups of words joined by conjuncti
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service as dean or gaon of the Jewi
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e The Masoretes, whose work had cul
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three radicals of the root by Pe (f
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The labors of adaptation culminated
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a Linguistic literature on Hebrew f
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d In spite of various contacts betw
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Arabic (like other languages) was a
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(1897) 49 and in the grammar of Han
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describe and refer to the real worl
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One way to view the grammar/lexis o
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3. I ate ice cream with my spoon. I
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should primary attention be given t
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vowels (syncope). The fullest form
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3.3.4 Discourse and Text a Most lin
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that embody textual relations, anal
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given language, where the base is n
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users. 31 Historical variation is t
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would cost the speaker’s life. 36
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two levels of language has been res
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4.6 Modifiers 6.1 Adjectival Modifi
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classification refers to[Page 65] t
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2. interjection 3. adverb 4 the spe
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4.3 Phrase and Clause a A phrase is
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5. 6. 7. [Page 70] 8. (5) Infinitiv
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1. 2. 3. 4. הּ ָמ ְשׁ ארָ
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6. [Page 73] 7. םתֶּ אַ םי
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8. 9. 10. 2 Sam 7:6 (8) Relative Cl
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The nominative absolute constructio
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4.8 Sentence Mic 1:2 a The sentence
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1. םִי ר֫ ַ ְצ ִמ וּד
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priority over such abstractions. On
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proposed an elaborate schema to cla
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f This summary of one effort to des
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12. 13. ַ 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
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“sharpens” the root in a semant
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In most of these examples the vowel
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30. 5.7 Patterns with Suffixing ב
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example, liškâ and niškâ, ‘ro
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The -â ending (the he is a mater l
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peoples individualized objects, sor
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languages; among those that do not
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classes of nouns reflected in the b
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In time -at came to have the ultima
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Another masculine head noun is תי
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d Single components of a collective
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The doublet ה ָנ ֵע ְשׁ ַ
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ךָתֶּ ֫ ִבוּ־ךָנְ ִב
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ִ ֶ֫ ְ ַ 110] 4. 5. ה ָמּ
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in a way somewhat different from th
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With collectives the singular desig
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9. 10. שׁיא ִ לֹכּ ם ֶכי
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11. 12. ׃בלֵ ו ָ בל־אֹ
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d For complex historical reasons, a
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The plural of a singular collective
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18:51, 28:8, 42:6, 44:5; sing. freq
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used of various gods, it takes plur
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28:28). It also occurs in passages
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singular plural dual nominative -u
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e genitive and the -ô either accus
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הוהי־ר ַבד ְ הָיהָ
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8.4.1 Clauses of Identification a I
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2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Gen 42:11 ׃אוּה
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Num 13:29 This rule does not apply
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‘YHWH our God is one YHWH’) 23
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for example, a noun (the modified)
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ְ ֶ ָ ִ֫ ִ ְ ֶ ְ ְ ְ b M
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coordinate elements in the compound
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genitive of agent (or a subjective
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2 Chr 24:6 [Page 144] d An agent or
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25. 26. 27. 28. 29. ויבִ א־ת
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9. 10. ךָתְּ רְ אַ ְפתּ
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9.5.3 Adjectival Genitive a In adje
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16. ה ָנ ָשׁ־ן ֶבּ ר ָכ
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34. [Page 152] 35. 36. םחֶ ֶל
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i In other genitives of class, the
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A prepositional phrase most often s
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9.7 Determination and Periphrasis a
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A comparable eonstruetion involves
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5. 6. 7. תוֹא ָב ְצ ( ם־י
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within the clause. 2 In this exampl
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5. She gave him the books. 6. She g
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19. 20. 21. 22. יתּ֑ ִ לְ וּ
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g An internal accusative is an expr
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i The so-called “datival accusati
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5. 6. 7. ת ֶב ֶכֹשׁ ֫ ה ָ
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substantive, adjective, or particip
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41. Ps 71:7 The accusative of speci
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[Page 175] 15. Deut 27:6 The accusa
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34. םתוֹא ָ ליחִ ְנַי
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called nota accusativi.” 30 A. M.
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ַ ִ ֱ ַ ַ ֫ ַ a The emphatic
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ָ ִ ְ ֶ b The particle תא is
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3. 4. 5. 6. ן ִמָ ינְ ִבּ
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20. וּכלְ ה־אֹ ֽ ָ ל י
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a Before the decipherment of the Ug
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2.13 לע 2.14 םע 2.15 תחתּ 11
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2. CVC, the proclitic prepositions
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complex prepositions (11.3), some s
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11.2.1 ירֵ חֲ א ַ ~רחַ א
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6. וֹא תוֹא ךָי ֶל֫ א
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[Page 196] 11.2.5 ְבּ a This prep
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19. תִיבַּ֫ ה ַ עקַ רְ
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35. 36. ךָתְּ ְב ִשׁ ְבּ
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[Page 201] 11. ימִּ ַע ןיבּ
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a This preposition is the only extr
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12. תָ ֹתּ֫ חִ ה ַ וֹ ֑
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6. ת ֵע ְל ה ָנֹוּיּהַ
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26. Gen 12:18 הוהי ַל אוּה
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42. 43. 44. 45. קוֹת ָמ ל ְ
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[Page 211] 59. 60. 61. ךָוֹ ֑מ
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from a specified beginning point (#
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20. תירִ ְכ ַנ אוֹלוְ
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d A goal of an abstract sort may be
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d The preposition can mark an objec
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׃עַ ֻשׁוֹהְי 5. ינֹד
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and specify the nature of its relat
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It is not rare, however, for the pr
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exclude such a union, the prepositi
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more precisely. Phrases which in En
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elate clauses by juxtaposition, the
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8. 9. ה ָנ ָמ לְ א ַ ה ָ
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28. 29. 27. קחָ ְצִי ְל י
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ןֹטקָּ הַ Gen 1:16 [Page 235
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while in # 9 the definite (or arthr
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ר ָפ ָעה ֶ the dust 15. In s
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ידַּ ַשׁ לאֵ Ruling (?) God
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a The common noun with the article
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16. 17. [Page 244] 18. טי ִל ָ
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36. 37. 35. ׃בהָ ָ ֶ זּ ַב
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10. 11. ר ַענּ ֑ ָ֫ה ַ ה
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ַ ַ ַ ְ ַ ָ ַ ֶ ֫ ָ ֶ֫
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דמָ ָע חַ רָי ְ ו ְ Mo
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a Nouns can be modified in a variet
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c An adjective often agrees with it
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Chap. 15). Another influence may be
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2. 3. ךָיט֫ ֶ ָפּ ְשׁ מ
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20. ה֑ עָ ר ָ ץרֶ א֫ ָ
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4. םי ִלֹד גּ ְ םִיוֹ
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25. 26. רב֑ ָ דּ ָ הוהימ
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Ezek 9:9 Various divine names can b
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33. 34. רי ִעה ָ י ֵלֹד
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15.6 Distributive Expressions 15.1
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םִינ ַ֫ ְשׁ ִל Ezra 10:13
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[Page 276] i As a substantive the n
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4. 5. וינָ ָבּ ת ַע ְב
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the latter otherwise unused. 15 (3)
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11. םי ִע ְב ִשׁ ו ְ םי
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18. תוֹא ֵמ־עבַ ְשׁוּ
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8. שׁדֶ ֹח ֫ ר ָשׂ ָע ם
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a The multiplicative expressions ar
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The other pattern, used for fractio
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The traditional segregation of pron
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elements also found in demonstrativ
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+ pronoun, although the former is m
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17. [Page 296] 18. ׃םרָ ְבא
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c This construction has a “select
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18. 17. . תוֹכלָ ְמּ ה ָ
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3. התָּ א ַ ה ֵנּה ִ וי
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one point is especially important.
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15. הֹמלֹ ְשׁ ִלּ ֶשׁ
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17.1 Introduction 17.2 Morphology 1
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Other adverbs of demonstrative forc
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an attributive adjective (i.e., wit
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10. 9. ת ֶשׁלֹ ְשׁ ִל הו
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9. ה֑ לֶ ֲענ ַ ךְרֶ דּ
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10. אוּהה ַ םוֹיּבּ ַ ם
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d There are four major parts of the
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2. 3. 5. הזֶ ָלּה ַ שׁיא
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21. אוֹלה ֲ בֹק ֲעַי ע
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preposition…[The pattern] poses a
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15. 16. Judg 11:12 םוֹל ָשׁ ְ
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37. אוּה ר ָב ְכּ הָיה
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The core term of the network, יא,
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23. ה ָנוֹז ְל התְי ָ
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introduced by the “relative” ma
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Like š, z is a frequent element in
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13. הָיה־ר ָ֫ ֶשׁ א ֲ
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9. ךְ֑ ל־ם ָ ֶלּ ַשְׁי
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14. [Page 338] 13. םוֹ ֑ל ָשׁ
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An “independent relative” claus
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הוּ ֫כַּ יּו, ַ which would
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might seem to be. 7 This survey is
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love’) or in past time (‘I love
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state; such a construction is calle
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different in Latin-influenced gramm
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the fact that the verbal stems cons
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picture John as he cooked the cabba
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only a participator in it. English,
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verb would be the object in an equi
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lengthening of the a before a non-g
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22.1 Introduction a The most common
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e English offers a second convenien
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ד֑ וִדּ־ת ָ א ֶ בהֹא
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The fientive (a/u) pattern is the m
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11. 12. [Page 370] 13. ָ ֑ ֵ֫
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3. 2. יחי ֑ ִ ִשׂ וי ָל
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50. 51. ץֹפּחַי ְ רפח ~
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ךְתָּ אִ ֵמ 2 Kgs 2:10 Some
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22.7 Qal Impersonal Constructions a
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protective h, for example, imperati
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i The Niphal normally functions as
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marked with the same case inflectio
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e Passive constructions in Hebrew m
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auxiliary[Page 386] verb in the uni
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ם ִמי ִענּ ְ הַ ו ְ ם
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In a transitive sentence the recipr
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23.5 Isolated and Denominative Niph
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old Qal passive would have a šureq
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a Since the Hithpael historically t
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such an approach is awkward, and ea
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meaning is labeled “factitive,”
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I. Qal-Piel-Hiphil attested (ca. 45
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5. ןהֶ ֵלא ֲ אוֹבתּ ָ
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h Given that the factitive is assoc
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1b. ק ֵלּחַ ֵמ וּלּ ַכְ
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waters). Ps 30:2 Regarding the use
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24.4 Denominative a Since the Piel
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ַ ָ ָ ֲ ֵ ַ ַ ְ ַ ְ ְ ָ
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24. Deut 7:26 h In the numeral deno
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׃וֹל י ֵכוֹח־ל ָכּ Isa
Page 485 and 486: is not concerned with an act but an
Page 487 and 488: If the implicit action is indirect
Page 489 and 490: 8. 9. ךְרֹבְ ַ י ךָתְ
Page 491 and 492: of the t (ת →ט; ## 18-19). If t
Page 493 and 494: Piel stem. 8 The presence of passiv
Page 495 and 496: implies that he disallows Goetze’
Page 497 and 498: Jer 5:9 3. א ֵשּׂ נַ תְ ִמ
Page 499 and 500: 2. גח־שׁ ֑ ָ דֶּ קַ תְ
Page 501 and 502: 1b. 2a. 2b. Ps 111:2 הוהי ֑ ך
Page 503 and 504: [Page 436] f The fundamental causat
Page 505 and 506: 11c. עַ ֻשׁוֹהְי־תא ֶ
Page 507 and 508: 18b. ַ 18c. עי ִשׁ רְ ַמ
Page 509 and 510: with a subject and two accusatives,
Page 511 and 512: generation (e.g., רֹכבּ ְ ‘f
Page 513 and 514: 15. 14. תוֹרהָ ְנ וּחינ
Page 515 and 516: [Page 448] 1d. הֹערְ ַפּ־ת
Page 517 and 518: [Page 450] 4b. 4c. 5a. ץרֶ א֑
Page 519 and 520: 2c. הדֶ ָשּׂ ה ַ תַ יּחַ
Page 521 and 522: 5. imperative דֹמ ֲע י ִל
Page 523 and 524: ise of modern linguistic thinking,
Page 525 and 526: conversive.’ The ordinary waw, th
Page 527 and 528: concrete nouns, represented the pas
Page 529 and 530: particles occurring with the “aff
Page 531 and 532: j Moreover, Ewald is guilty of redu
Page 533 and 534: o Turner presents us once again wit
Page 535: constructed imperfect indicative of
Page 539 and 540: approach as the grammars must of ne
Page 541 and 542: meaningful only in relation to anot
Page 543 and 544: considered in the immediate relatio
Page 545 and 546: d The second verb in the example ab
Page 547 and 548: a The Hebrew conjugations qtl and y
Page 549 and 550: perfective aspect. The variations c
Page 551 and 552: a Stative verbs differ from fientiv
Page 553 and 554: listeners to infer the more precise
Page 555 and 556: 5. ל ַכ ָשׂ םתא ָ ֵצ י
Page 557 and 558: 24. 25. 27. הוהי־לא ֶ יד
Page 559 and 560: 37. התָּ ַע אֹ לו ְ וּ
Page 561 and 562: 4. ׃וֹמּ ִע ֵמ ןקֵ ז ָ
Page 563 and 564: 494] 1. הז ֶ וּנ ְב ַשׁ ֫
Page 565 and 566: 6.3 Past Time with Particles 31.7 N
Page 567 and 568: Judg 2:1 (5) After the adverbials
Page 569 and 570: the[Page 500] object of our study
Page 571 and 572: h On balance the comparative-histor
Page 573 and 574: participle, this use lends itself t
Page 575 and 576: Ps 61:3 This use forms a fitting co
Page 577 and 578: 2. א ֵצ ָמִּי אֹ ל שׁר
Page 579 and 580: Exod 21:36 31.5 Volitional Uses of
Page 581 and 582: the indicative mood, the mood of ce
Page 583 and 584: c The consequent situation may in f
Page 585 and 586: 31.7 Nun-Bearing Forms a Some non-p
Page 587 and 588:
ָ ְ ִ ֵ ִ ָ ֱ ַ ִ ֫ ַ ְ
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unassimilated (## 1a, 2a, 3a) or as
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2a. 2b. ם ֶכתְ א ֶ יתִּ
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(a) with a stative verb (after an i
Page 595 and 596:
Whatever…be the shade of meaning
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as with the English ‘then.’ Fur
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9. איהִ ה ַ ראֵ ְבּה־
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Gen 3:22 e Sometimes the non-perfec
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present time). The consequent meani
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םלָּ ֻכּ םיחי ִ רִ ָב
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24. לאוּמ ֵ ְשׁ טֹפּ ְ
Page 609 and 610:
asserts an actual concrete event, w
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ם ֶכבּ ָ הוהי־ףאַ 17.
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Vanoni has studied the two most com
Page 615 and 616:
ִ֫ ָ ַ ָ ִ ְ ֲ ָ ֵ ִ ֶ
Page 617 and 618:
is normally prefixed to the short p
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origin of the wa in the Akkadian co
Page 621 and 622:
number of cases to justify, explain
Page 623 and 624:
translated as presents. The same is
Page 625 and 626:
33.2.2 Epexegesis a Sometimes the s
Page 627 and 628:
epresent the pluperfect. David Qimh
Page 629 and 630:
12. םירִ ָבדּ ְ ה ַ יר
Page 631 and 632:
12. 13. [Page 556] 14. וּשׁ ָ֫
Page 633 and 634:
Ps 109:28 e Wayyqtl is also used af
Page 635 and 636:
ינִּ ֶמּ ֫ ִמ 7. . . . וּ
Page 637 and 638:
7. ז֑ ע־אֹ ָ ל ם ַע םי
Page 639 and 640:
16. יקּ֑ ָח ֻ ר ֵפּסַ ל
Page 641 and 642:
other languages. Through the voliti
Page 643 and 644:
[Page 567] b In earlier stages of N
Page 645 and 646:
The sense of a jussive in simple di
Page 647 and 648:
language of bare fact, a poet often
Page 649 and 650:
9. שֹׁבּ־ד ַע וֹב־וּר
Page 651 and 652:
34.5.1 Cohortative in Independent C
Page 653 and 654:
a In sentences made up of more than
Page 655 and 656:
lacking in post-exilic texts synopt
Page 657 and 658:
7. . . . ךָ ְצרְ אַ ֵמ ך
Page 659 and 660:
Gen 12:13 [Page 580] 35 Infinitive
Page 661 and 662:
The pattern of the Qal infinitive a
Page 663 and 664:
3. ה ָנּר֫ ֶ ְכּ ְמ ת־
Page 665 and 666:
infinitive, and so we do not recogn
Page 667 and 668:
15. וּני ֵל֫ ָע ררֵ תּ
Page 669 and 670:
34. יתִּ ְכס־אֹ ֑֫ ָ ל
Page 671 and 672:
9. 10. ה ָנ ְכלַ ֫ תּ ֵ
Page 673 and 674:
8. 9. 10. דמֵ ְשׁ ה ַ אטֵ
Page 675 and 676:
prophetic commands: legislative com
Page 677 and 678:
questions (## 9-11). 55 When the in
Page 679 and 680:
e found in sequence with a perfecti
Page 681 and 682:
typically presented as the “real
Page 683 and 684:
Elsewhere the forms of the possessi
Page 685 and 686:
Gen 40:20 [Page 602] d In an accusa
Page 687 and 688:
1b. אֹ בא־ר ָ ֶשׁ א ֲ ד
Page 689 and 690:
a The combination of l + infinitive
Page 691 and 692:
The subject of the infinitive may b
Page 693 and 694:
heading may be included the very fr
Page 695 and 696:
49. אוֹבל ָ שׁמֶ ֶשּׁ ֫
Page 697 and 698:
used to form the perfective verbs w
Page 699 and 700:
participle is sometimes used where
Page 701 and 702:
fientive participle (with objects:
Page 703 and 704:
25. שׁ ֻבל ְ שׁיאִ ה ָ
Page 705 and 706:
1. שׁא ֵ ךָיהלֹ ֶ֫ א ֱ
Page 707 and 708:
4. תא ֵ תֹאֹרה ָ ךָינ
Page 709 and 710:
22. ר ֵבּד ַמְ ה ַ י ִפ
Page 711 and 712:
םישׁ֑ ִ ְק בַ ְמ Exod 10
Page 713 and 714:
24. 25. Gen 16:8 םהֶ ָל םחָ
Page 715 and 716:
2 Kgs 7:2 37.7 Use with Finite Verb
Page 717 and 718:
17. [Page 630] 16. םינִ תֹנ
Page 719 and 720:
Much of the Masoretic system is foc
Page 721 and 722:
Schneider lists the following macro
Page 723 and 724:
a One of the most common types of l
Page 725 and 726:
7. . ל ַכאֹ נּ־ה ַמ וּר
Page 727 and 728:
6. ם ֶכתְ א ֶ יחי ִ דּ
Page 729 and 730:
ֶ ֫ ֵ ִ ֵ ֲ ֵ ֶ 10) and י
Page 731 and 732:
׃ד ָכל־ם ָ א ִ יתִּ ל
Page 733 and 734:
predicate; see 8.4.) A noun clause
Page 735 and 736:
[Page 646] 16. ׃ינוֹ ִ מ֫ ָ
Page 737 and 738:
3. ירִ ְמ ַצ ימי ַ מוּ
Page 739 and 740:
the two uses of w«/wa joining clau
Page 741 and 742:
. . . םינִ ָפל ְ םֵ יּק
Page 743 and 744:
1. [Page 654] 2. הת֑ ֵ ְשׁוּ
Page 745 and 746:
hills,’ 27 suggests that the last
Page 747 and 748:
י ִכּ ה ָמ ח֑ ָ֫ ר ֻ א
Page 749 and 750:
18. לוֹמ ְ ֶ 19. 20. 21. 22. 2
Page 751 and 752:
ֵ ְ ַ ִ ְ ֶ ֫ 3. םארא ם
Page 753 and 754:
Verbless clauses are negated with
Page 755 and 756:
5. . . . ךְִיר֫ ַ ָבחֲ
Page 757 and 758:
15. יתִּ רְ ַכז־אֹ ָ ל
Page 759 and 760:
contrast, ןכ־לע usually introd
Page 761 and 762:
ינִ א־ר ֲ ֶשׁ א ֲ תא
Page 763 and 764:
c The full range of uses is evident
Page 765 and 766:
ר ָשׂ ָבּ־ךְאַ . . . ה֑
Page 767 and 768:
׃א ֵבחָ הֵ ְבּ 20. לבָ
Page 769 and 770:
with יח), nominal exclamations (e
Page 771 and 772:
c Presentatives introducing longer
Page 773 and 774:
elation (# 21), a condition (# 22)
Page 775 and 776:
2. ימִ ְשׁ ִבּ יתִּ ְע
Page 777 and 778:
[Page 681] 1. ויבִ א־ל ָ א
Page 779 and 780:
6. 5. אֹ ל םִי ַל֫ ָשׁ
Page 781 and 782:
a There are two types of questions
Page 783 and 784:
apocope the shortening of a form at
Page 785 and 786:
generic statement a statement refer
Page 787 and 788:
predicate adjective an adjective th
Page 789 and 790:
object; in passive voice the patien
Page 791 and 792:
Jaakov Levi. 1987. Die Inkongruenz
Page 793 and 794:
F. J. Goldbaum. 1964. Two Hebrew Qu
Page 795 and 796:
Ziont Zevit. 1977. The Linguistic a
Page 797 and 798:
David W. Baker. 1973. The Consecuti
Page 799 and 800:
James A. Huges. 1970. Another Look
Page 801 and 802:
——— . 1985. The Conditioning
Page 803 and 804:
———. 1978. Hebrew Stress Shif
Page 805 and 806:
———. 1971-72. The Oldest Evid
Page 807 and 808:
Avi Hurvitz. 1982. A Linguistic Stu
Page 809 and 810:
James Barr. 1968. Comparative Philo
Page 811 and 812:
John Macdonald. 1969. The Samaritan
Page 813 and 814:
W. J. van Bekkum. 1983. Observation
Page 815 and 816:
C. Rabin. 1943. The Evolution of th
Page 817 and 818:
J. A. Knudtzon, O. Weber, and E. Eb
Page 819 and 820:
———. 1986. The QATAL with Fut
Page 821 and 822:
August Dillmann. 1857. Grammatik de
Page 823 and 824:
Wolfram von Soden. 1965. Zur Method
Page 825 and 826:
Language in Literature, ed. K. Pomo
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An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax

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