An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax

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substance (philosophical sense) a thing or being that is distinct in itself; that which is essential and in which accidents inhere; see also accident smoothing an effort to remove deviant (archaic, dialectal, geographical, etc.) characteristics stative a verb or verb form describing a state or quality; see also fientive stem here a major inflectional category of the verb marking Aktionsart, e.g., himlîk is a Hiphil stem form; elsewhere a form of the root intermediate in specification between the root and a word, e.g., malk- is the stem of mélek, malkî, malkâ; or a form of a root to which affixes are attached, e.g., -mov- is the stem of im-mov-able substance (philosophical sense) a thing or being that is distinct in itself; that which is essential and in which accidents inhere; see also accident[Page 694] substantive see noun suffix see affix suffix conjugation the conjugation characterized by suffixing, e.g., qātal-tı̂, and associated with perfective aspect; also perfective conjugation and qatal conjugation; see also prefix conjugation syncope shortening a word from the end synoptic text a text preserved in two (or more) versions, thus Psalm 18 and 2 Samuel 22 are synoptic texts, and sections of Kings are synoptic with sections of Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Chronicles syntagm a series of different elements forming a syntactic unit telic possessing a goal or endpoint tempus (Latin ‘time’) tense tense the marking of a verb from to indicate chiefly the time of the situation described relative to the time of speaking topic-comment here a particular construction involving a topic (cf. nominative absolute) followed by a comment; elsewhere an analytic approach to an informational unit (e.g., a clause) distinguishing old or given information (topic, theme) and new information (comment, rheme) transitive verb a verb that (usually) governs a (direct) object (one-place or singly transitive) or, less often, two objects (two-place or doubly transitive); see also intransitive verb triconsonantal root a root composed of three consonants; usually excluded as biconsonantal are medial and final weak roots, among others vague unclear as a result of restricted or unspecified information, capable of an unspecifiable range of variant interpretations; see also ambigous valency the number of links a grammatical element, especially a verb, has other elements verbal noun an infinitive, in Hebrew, of either type verbless clause a clause that connects a subject and predicate with no verb, used for classification or identification; also nominal clause verse numerically regulated language; verse may be regulated in terms of the sound material of language (as in English) or in terms of the syntactic material (as in Hebrew); the numerical regulation always involves small numbers (an iambic foot in English includes two syllables; a pentameter line includes five feet, etc.) verset see line vetitive a form expressing negative prohibition vocative a form used in address, e.g., hammélek ‘O king’ voice an inflectional category of the verb referring to the relationship of the agent (actor) and patient (undergoer): in active voice the agent is the subject and the patient is the
object; in passive voice the patient is the subject; in middle voice the agent is both subject and object word order patterns of meaningful arrangement of words in a given language; a VSO language tends to use clauses with the elements verb-subject-object in that order yiqtol conjugation see prefix conjugation [Page 695] Bibliography 1 Biblical Hebrew a Grammars, Lexicons, and Concordances b Individual Morphemes and Particles c Semantics and Individual Words d The Verb e Phonology, Orthography, and Writing f Commentaries and Discussions of Particuar Passages g Text Criticism h Other Studies and Collections 2 Post-Biblical Hebrew (Qmranic, Mishnaic, Medieval, and Modern), the History of the Study of Hebrew, and Related Matters 3 Other Semitic Languages a Second-Millenium Northwest Semitic b First-Millennium Northwest Semitic (except Aramaic) c Aramaic d Other Semitic Languages, Comparative Semitics, and Afroasiatic Languages 4 General Linguistic and Literary Studies; Studies of Non-Semitic Languages 1. Biblical Hebrew a. Grammars, Lexicons, and Concordances Francis I. Andersen. 1970. The Hebrew Verbless Clause in the Pentateuch. Journal of Biblical Literature Monograph 14. Nashville: Abingdon. ——— . 1974. The Sentence in Biblical Hebrew. Janua Linguarum, Series Practica 231. The Hague: Mouton. Hans Bauer and Pontus Leander. 1918–22. Historiche Grammatik der hebräishen Sprache des Alten Testamentes. Halle: Niemeyer. Rpt., Hildesheim: Olms, 1962. Walter Baumgartner et al. 1967-. Hebräisches und aramäisches Lexikon zum Alten Testament. Leiden: Brill. Gotthelf Bergsträsser. See Gesenius-Bergsträsser 1918–29. Klaus Beyer. 1969. Althebräische Grammatik: Laut- und Formenlehre. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht. Joshua Blau. 1976. A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Porta Linguaram Orientalium N. S. 12. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. Friedrich Böttcher. 1866–68. Ausführliches Lehrbuh der hebräischen Sprache. 2 vols. Leipzig: Barth. G. Johannes Botterweck and Helmer Ringgern, eds. 1970-. Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Alten Testament. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer. ——— . 1974-. Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Carl Brockelmann. 1956. Hebräische Syntax. Neukirchen: Neukirchene Verlag. Francis Brown, S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs. 1907. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament. Oxford: Clarendon.[Page 696] William Chomsky. 1952. David Ḳimḥi’s Hebrew Grammar (Mikhlol). New York: Bloch. A. B. Davidson. 1900. Introductory Grammar. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark.
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An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew
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AV Authorized Version (1611) LXX Se
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first quarter of the nineteenth cen
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use it. In any format, intermediate
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have continued to make small adjust
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from all stages, from the oldest po
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the Hebrew Bible is written in Aram
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Late Third Millennium (2350-2000).
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especially problematic body of mate
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do the Tosefta and halakhic (legal)
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c Judgments regarding these literar
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the text type represented by the Sa
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established on the basis of Ugariti
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history and of captors in their lat
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B.C.E.), they began to indicate fin
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tetragrammaton (YHWH), occasionally
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the text. By at least 100 C.E. the
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1.6 Masoretic Text 1.6.1 Character
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ומש הוהי would originally ha
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f During the more fluid stages of t
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In his later psalter, “Juxta Hebr
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groups of words joined by conjuncti
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service as dean or gaon of the Jewi
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e The Masoretes, whose work had cul
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three radicals of the root by Pe (f
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The labors of adaptation culminated
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a Linguistic literature on Hebrew f
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d In spite of various contacts betw
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Arabic (like other languages) was a
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(1897) 49 and in the grammar of Han
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describe and refer to the real worl
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One way to view the grammar/lexis o
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3. I ate ice cream with my spoon. I
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should primary attention be given t
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vowels (syncope). The fullest form
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3.3.4 Discourse and Text a Most lin
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that embody textual relations, anal
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given language, where the base is n
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users. 31 Historical variation is t
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would cost the speaker’s life. 36
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two levels of language has been res
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4.6 Modifiers 6.1 Adjectival Modifi
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classification refers to[Page 65] t
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2. interjection 3. adverb 4 the spe
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4.3 Phrase and Clause a A phrase is
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5. 6. 7. [Page 70] 8. (5) Infinitiv
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1. 2. 3. 4. הּ ָמ ְשׁ ארָ
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6. [Page 73] 7. םתֶּ אַ םי
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8. 9. 10. 2 Sam 7:6 (8) Relative Cl
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The nominative absolute constructio
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4.8 Sentence Mic 1:2 a The sentence
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1. םִי ר֫ ַ ְצ ִמ וּד
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priority over such abstractions. On
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proposed an elaborate schema to cla
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f This summary of one effort to des
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12. 13. ַ 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
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“sharpens” the root in a semant
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In most of these examples the vowel
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30. 5.7 Patterns with Suffixing ב
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example, liškâ and niškâ, ‘ro
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The -â ending (the he is a mater l
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peoples individualized objects, sor
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languages; among those that do not
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classes of nouns reflected in the b
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In time -at came to have the ultima
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Another masculine head noun is תי
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d Single components of a collective
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The doublet ה ָנ ֵע ְשׁ ַ
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ךָתֶּ ֫ ִבוּ־ךָנְ ִב
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ִ ֶ֫ ְ ַ 110] 4. 5. ה ָמּ
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in a way somewhat different from th
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With collectives the singular desig
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9. 10. שׁיא ִ לֹכּ ם ֶכי
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11. 12. ׃בלֵ ו ָ בל־אֹ
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d For complex historical reasons, a
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The plural of a singular collective
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18:51, 28:8, 42:6, 44:5; sing. freq
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used of various gods, it takes plur
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28:28). It also occurs in passages
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singular plural dual nominative -u
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e genitive and the -ô either accus
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הוהי־ר ַבד ְ הָיהָ
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8.4.1 Clauses of Identification a I
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2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Gen 42:11 ׃אוּה
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Num 13:29 This rule does not apply
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‘YHWH our God is one YHWH’) 23
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for example, a noun (the modified)
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ְ ֶ ָ ִ֫ ִ ְ ֶ ְ ְ ְ b M
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coordinate elements in the compound
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genitive of agent (or a subjective
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2 Chr 24:6 [Page 144] d An agent or
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25. 26. 27. 28. 29. ויבִ א־ת
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9. 10. ךָתְּ רְ אַ ְפתּ
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9.5.3 Adjectival Genitive a In adje
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16. ה ָנ ָשׁ־ן ֶבּ ר ָכ
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34. [Page 152] 35. 36. םחֶ ֶל
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i In other genitives of class, the
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A prepositional phrase most often s
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9.7 Determination and Periphrasis a
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A comparable eonstruetion involves
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5. 6. 7. תוֹא ָב ְצ ( ם־י
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within the clause. 2 In this exampl
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5. She gave him the books. 6. She g
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19. 20. 21. 22. יתּ֑ ִ לְ וּ
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g An internal accusative is an expr
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i The so-called “datival accusati
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5. 6. 7. ת ֶב ֶכֹשׁ ֫ ה ָ
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substantive, adjective, or particip
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41. Ps 71:7 The accusative of speci
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[Page 175] 15. Deut 27:6 The accusa
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34. םתוֹא ָ ליחִ ְנַי
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called nota accusativi.” 30 A. M.
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ַ ִ ֱ ַ ַ ֫ ַ a The emphatic
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ָ ִ ְ ֶ b The particle תא is
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3. 4. 5. 6. ן ִמָ ינְ ִבּ
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20. וּכלְ ה־אֹ ֽ ָ ל י
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a Before the decipherment of the Ug
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2.13 לע 2.14 םע 2.15 תחתּ 11
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2. CVC, the proclitic prepositions
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complex prepositions (11.3), some s
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11.2.1 ירֵ חֲ א ַ ~רחַ א
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6. וֹא תוֹא ךָי ֶל֫ א
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[Page 196] 11.2.5 ְבּ a This prep
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19. תִיבַּ֫ ה ַ עקַ רְ
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35. 36. ךָתְּ ְב ִשׁ ְבּ
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[Page 201] 11. ימִּ ַע ןיבּ
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a This preposition is the only extr
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12. תָ ֹתּ֫ חִ ה ַ וֹ ֑
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6. ת ֵע ְל ה ָנֹוּיּהַ
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26. Gen 12:18 הוהי ַל אוּה
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42. 43. 44. 45. קוֹת ָמ ל ְ
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[Page 211] 59. 60. 61. ךָוֹ ֑מ
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from a specified beginning point (#
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20. תירִ ְכ ַנ אוֹלוְ
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d A goal of an abstract sort may be
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d The preposition can mark an objec
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׃עַ ֻשׁוֹהְי 5. ינֹד
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and specify the nature of its relat
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It is not rare, however, for the pr
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exclude such a union, the prepositi
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more precisely. Phrases which in En
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elate clauses by juxtaposition, the
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8. 9. ה ָנ ָמ לְ א ַ ה ָ
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28. 29. 27. קחָ ְצִי ְל י
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ןֹטקָּ הַ Gen 1:16 [Page 235
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while in # 9 the definite (or arthr
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ר ָפ ָעה ֶ the dust 15. In s
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ידַּ ַשׁ לאֵ Ruling (?) God
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a The common noun with the article
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16. 17. [Page 244] 18. טי ִל ָ
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36. 37. 35. ׃בהָ ָ ֶ זּ ַב
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10. 11. ר ַענּ ֑ ָ֫ה ַ ה
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ַ ַ ַ ְ ַ ָ ַ ֶ ֫ ָ ֶ֫
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דמָ ָע חַ רָי ְ ו ְ Mo
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a Nouns can be modified in a variet
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c An adjective often agrees with it
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Chap. 15). Another influence may be
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2. 3. ךָיט֫ ֶ ָפּ ְשׁ מ
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20. ה֑ עָ ר ָ ץרֶ א֫ ָ
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4. םי ִלֹד גּ ְ םִיוֹ
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25. 26. רב֑ ָ דּ ָ הוהימ
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Ezek 9:9 Various divine names can b
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33. 34. רי ִעה ָ י ֵלֹד
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15.6 Distributive Expressions 15.1
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םִינ ַ֫ ְשׁ ִל Ezra 10:13
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[Page 276] i As a substantive the n
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4. 5. וינָ ָבּ ת ַע ְב
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the latter otherwise unused. 15 (3)
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11. םי ִע ְב ִשׁ ו ְ םי
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18. תוֹא ֵמ־עבַ ְשׁוּ
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8. שׁדֶ ֹח ֫ ר ָשׂ ָע ם
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a The multiplicative expressions ar
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The other pattern, used for fractio
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The traditional segregation of pron
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elements also found in demonstrativ
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+ pronoun, although the former is m
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17. [Page 296] 18. ׃םרָ ְבא
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c This construction has a “select
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18. 17. . תוֹכלָ ְמּ ה ָ
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3. התָּ א ַ ה ֵנּה ִ וי
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one point is especially important.
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15. הֹמלֹ ְשׁ ִלּ ֶשׁ
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17.1 Introduction 17.2 Morphology 1
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Other adverbs of demonstrative forc
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an attributive adjective (i.e., wit
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10. 9. ת ֶשׁלֹ ְשׁ ִל הו
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9. ה֑ לֶ ֲענ ַ ךְרֶ דּ
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10. אוּהה ַ םוֹיּבּ ַ ם
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d There are four major parts of the
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2. 3. 5. הזֶ ָלּה ַ שׁיא
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21. אוֹלה ֲ בֹק ֲעַי ע
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preposition…[The pattern] poses a
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15. 16. Judg 11:12 םוֹל ָשׁ ְ
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37. אוּה ר ָב ְכּ הָיה
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The core term of the network, יא,
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23. ה ָנוֹז ְל התְי ָ
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introduced by the “relative” ma
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Like š, z is a frequent element in
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13. הָיה־ר ָ֫ ֶשׁ א ֲ
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9. ךְ֑ ל־ם ָ ֶלּ ַשְׁי
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14. [Page 338] 13. םוֹ ֑ל ָשׁ
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An “independent relative” claus
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הוּ ֫כַּ יּו, ַ which would
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might seem to be. 7 This survey is
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love’) or in past time (‘I love
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state; such a construction is calle
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different in Latin-influenced gramm
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the fact that the verbal stems cons
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picture John as he cooked the cabba
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only a participator in it. English,
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verb would be the object in an equi
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lengthening of the a before a non-g
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22.1 Introduction a The most common
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e English offers a second convenien
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ד֑ וִדּ־ת ָ א ֶ בהֹא
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The fientive (a/u) pattern is the m
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11. 12. [Page 370] 13. ָ ֑ ֵ֫
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3. 2. יחי ֑ ִ ִשׂ וי ָל
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50. 51. ץֹפּחַי ְ רפח ~
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ךְתָּ אִ ֵמ 2 Kgs 2:10 Some
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22.7 Qal Impersonal Constructions a
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protective h, for example, imperati
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i The Niphal normally functions as
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marked with the same case inflectio
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e Passive constructions in Hebrew m
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auxiliary[Page 386] verb in the uni
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ם ִמי ִענּ ְ הַ ו ְ ם
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In a transitive sentence the recipr
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23.5 Isolated and Denominative Niph
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old Qal passive would have a šureq
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a Since the Hithpael historically t
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such an approach is awkward, and ea
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meaning is labeled “factitive,”
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I. Qal-Piel-Hiphil attested (ca. 45
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5. ןהֶ ֵלא ֲ אוֹבתּ ָ
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h Given that the factitive is assoc
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1b. ק ֵלּחַ ֵמ וּלּ ַכְ
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waters). Ps 30:2 Regarding the use
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24.4 Denominative a Since the Piel
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ַ ָ ָ ֲ ֵ ַ ַ ְ ַ ְ ְ ָ
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24. Deut 7:26 h In the numeral deno
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׃וֹל י ֵכוֹח־ל ָכּ Isa
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is not concerned with an act but an
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If the implicit action is indirect
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8. 9. ךְרֹבְ ַ י ךָתְ
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of the t (ת →ט; ## 18-19). If t
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Piel stem. 8 The presence of passiv
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implies that he disallows Goetze’
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Jer 5:9 3. א ֵשּׂ נַ תְ ִמ
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2. גח־שׁ ֑ ָ דֶּ קַ תְ
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1b. 2a. 2b. Ps 111:2 הוהי ֑ ך
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[Page 436] f The fundamental causat
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11c. עַ ֻשׁוֹהְי־תא ֶ
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18b. ַ 18c. עי ִשׁ רְ ַמ
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with a subject and two accusatives,
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generation (e.g., רֹכבּ ְ ‘f
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15. 14. תוֹרהָ ְנ וּחינ
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[Page 448] 1d. הֹערְ ַפּ־ת
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[Page 450] 4b. 4c. 5a. ץרֶ א֑
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2c. הדֶ ָשּׂ ה ַ תַ יּחַ
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5. imperative דֹמ ֲע י ִל
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ise of modern linguistic thinking,
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conversive.’ The ordinary waw, th
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concrete nouns, represented the pas
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particles occurring with the “aff
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j Moreover, Ewald is guilty of redu
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o Turner presents us once again wit
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constructed imperfect indicative of
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jussive. It may be argued from the
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approach as the grammars must of ne
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meaningful only in relation to anot
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considered in the immediate relatio
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d The second verb in the example ab
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a The Hebrew conjugations qtl and y
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perfective aspect. The variations c
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a Stative verbs differ from fientiv
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listeners to infer the more precise
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5. ל ַכ ָשׂ םתא ָ ֵצ י
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24. 25. 27. הוהי־לא ֶ יד
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37. התָּ ַע אֹ לו ְ וּ
Page 561 and 562:
4. ׃וֹמּ ִע ֵמ ןקֵ ז ָ
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494] 1. הז ֶ וּנ ְב ַשׁ ֫
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6.3 Past Time with Particles 31.7 N
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Judg 2:1 (5) After the adverbials
Page 569 and 570:
the[Page 500] object of our study
Page 571 and 572:
h On balance the comparative-histor
Page 573 and 574:
participle, this use lends itself t
Page 575 and 576:
Ps 61:3 This use forms a fitting co
Page 577 and 578:
2. א ֵצ ָמִּי אֹ ל שׁר
Page 579 and 580:
Exod 21:36 31.5 Volitional Uses of
Page 581 and 582:
the indicative mood, the mood of ce
Page 583 and 584:
c The consequent situation may in f
Page 585 and 586:
31.7 Nun-Bearing Forms a Some non-p
Page 587 and 588:
ָ ְ ִ ֵ ִ ָ ֱ ַ ִ ֫ ַ ְ
Page 589 and 590:
unassimilated (## 1a, 2a, 3a) or as
Page 591 and 592:
2a. 2b. ם ֶכתְ א ֶ יתִּ
Page 593 and 594:
(a) with a stative verb (after an i
Page 595 and 596:
Whatever…be the shade of meaning
Page 597 and 598:
as with the English ‘then.’ Fur
Page 599 and 600:
9. איהִ ה ַ ראֵ ְבּה־
Page 601 and 602:
Gen 3:22 e Sometimes the non-perfec
Page 603 and 604:
present time). The consequent meani
Page 605 and 606:
םלָּ ֻכּ םיחי ִ רִ ָב
Page 607 and 608:
24. לאוּמ ֵ ְשׁ טֹפּ ְ
Page 609 and 610:
asserts an actual concrete event, w
Page 611 and 612:
ם ֶכבּ ָ הוהי־ףאַ 17.
Page 613 and 614:
Vanoni has studied the two most com
Page 615 and 616:
ִ֫ ָ ַ ָ ִ ְ ֲ ָ ֵ ִ ֶ
Page 617 and 618:
is normally prefixed to the short p
Page 619 and 620:
origin of the wa in the Akkadian co
Page 621 and 622:
number of cases to justify, explain
Page 623 and 624:
translated as presents. The same is
Page 625 and 626:
33.2.2 Epexegesis a Sometimes the s
Page 627 and 628:
epresent the pluperfect. David Qimh
Page 629 and 630:
12. םירִ ָבדּ ְ ה ַ יר
Page 631 and 632:
12. 13. [Page 556] 14. וּשׁ ָ֫
Page 633 and 634:
Ps 109:28 e Wayyqtl is also used af
Page 635 and 636:
ינִּ ֶמּ ֫ ִמ 7. . . . וּ
Page 637 and 638:
7. ז֑ ע־אֹ ָ ל ם ַע םי
Page 639 and 640:
16. יקּ֑ ָח ֻ ר ֵפּסַ ל
Page 641 and 642:
other languages. Through the voliti
Page 643 and 644:
[Page 567] b In earlier stages of N
Page 645 and 646:
The sense of a jussive in simple di
Page 647 and 648:
language of bare fact, a poet often
Page 649 and 650:
9. שֹׁבּ־ד ַע וֹב־וּר
Page 651 and 652:
34.5.1 Cohortative in Independent C
Page 653 and 654:
a In sentences made up of more than
Page 655 and 656:
lacking in post-exilic texts synopt
Page 657 and 658:
7. . . . ךָ ְצרְ אַ ֵמ ך
Page 659 and 660:
Gen 12:13 [Page 580] 35 Infinitive
Page 661 and 662:
The pattern of the Qal infinitive a
Page 663 and 664:
3. ה ָנּר֫ ֶ ְכּ ְמ ת־
Page 665 and 666:
infinitive, and so we do not recogn
Page 667 and 668:
15. וּני ֵל֫ ָע ררֵ תּ
Page 669 and 670:
34. יתִּ ְכס־אֹ ֑֫ ָ ל
Page 671 and 672:
9. 10. ה ָנ ְכלַ ֫ תּ ֵ
Page 673 and 674:
8. 9. 10. דמֵ ְשׁ ה ַ אטֵ
Page 675 and 676:
prophetic commands: legislative com
Page 677 and 678:
questions (## 9-11). 55 When the in
Page 679 and 680:
e found in sequence with a perfecti
Page 681 and 682:
typically presented as the “real
Page 683 and 684:
Elsewhere the forms of the possessi
Page 685 and 686:
Gen 40:20 [Page 602] d In an accusa
Page 687 and 688:
1b. אֹ בא־ר ָ ֶשׁ א ֲ ד
Page 689 and 690:
a The combination of l + infinitive
Page 691 and 692:
The subject of the infinitive may b
Page 693 and 694:
heading may be included the very fr
Page 695 and 696:
49. אוֹבל ָ שׁמֶ ֶשּׁ ֫
Page 697 and 698:
used to form the perfective verbs w
Page 699 and 700:
participle is sometimes used where
Page 701 and 702:
fientive participle (with objects:
Page 703 and 704:
25. שׁ ֻבל ְ שׁיאִ ה ָ
Page 705 and 706:
1. שׁא ֵ ךָיהלֹ ֶ֫ א ֱ
Page 707 and 708:
4. תא ֵ תֹאֹרה ָ ךָינ
Page 709 and 710:
22. ר ֵבּד ַמְ ה ַ י ִפ
Page 711 and 712:
םישׁ֑ ִ ְק בַ ְמ Exod 10
Page 713 and 714:
24. 25. Gen 16:8 םהֶ ָל םחָ
Page 715 and 716:
2 Kgs 7:2 37.7 Use with Finite Verb
Page 717 and 718:
17. [Page 630] 16. םינִ תֹנ
Page 719 and 720:
Much of the Masoretic system is foc
Page 721 and 722:
Schneider lists the following macro
Page 723 and 724:
a One of the most common types of l
Page 725 and 726:
7. . ל ַכאֹ נּ־ה ַמ וּר
Page 727 and 728:
6. ם ֶכתְ א ֶ יחי ִ דּ
Page 729 and 730:
ֶ ֫ ֵ ִ ֵ ֲ ֵ ֶ 10) and י
Page 731 and 732:
׃ד ָכל־ם ָ א ִ יתִּ ל
Page 733 and 734:
predicate; see 8.4.) A noun clause
Page 735 and 736:
[Page 646] 16. ׃ינוֹ ִ מ֫ ָ
Page 737 and 738: 3. ירִ ְמ ַצ ימי ַ מוּ
Page 739 and 740: the two uses of w«/wa joining clau
Page 741 and 742: . . . םינִ ָפל ְ םֵ יּק
Page 743 and 744: 1. [Page 654] 2. הת֑ ֵ ְשׁוּ
Page 745 and 746: hills,’ 27 suggests that the last
Page 747 and 748: י ִכּ ה ָמ ח֑ ָ֫ ר ֻ א
Page 749 and 750: 18. לוֹמ ְ ֶ 19. 20. 21. 22. 2
Page 751 and 752: ֵ ְ ַ ִ ְ ֶ ֫ 3. םארא ם
Page 753 and 754: Verbless clauses are negated with
Page 755 and 756: 5. . . . ךְִיר֫ ַ ָבחֲ
Page 757 and 758: 15. יתִּ רְ ַכז־אֹ ָ ל
Page 759 and 760: contrast, ןכ־לע usually introd
Page 761 and 762: ינִ א־ר ֲ ֶשׁ א ֲ תא
Page 763 and 764: c The full range of uses is evident
Page 765 and 766: ר ָשׂ ָבּ־ךְאַ . . . ה֑
Page 767 and 768: ׃א ֵבחָ הֵ ְבּ 20. לבָ
Page 769 and 770: with יח), nominal exclamations (e
Page 771 and 772: c Presentatives introducing longer
Page 773 and 774: elation (# 21), a condition (# 22)
Page 775 and 776: 2. ימִ ְשׁ ִבּ יתִּ ְע
Page 777 and 778: [Page 681] 1. ויבִ א־ל ָ א
Page 779 and 780: 6. 5. אֹ ל םִי ַל֫ ָשׁ
Page 781 and 782: a There are two types of questions
Page 783 and 784: apocope the shortening of a form at
Page 785 and 786: generic statement a statement refer
Page 787: predicate adjective an adjective th
Page 791 and 792: Jaakov Levi. 1987. Die Inkongruenz
Page 793 and 794: F. J. Goldbaum. 1964. Two Hebrew Qu
Page 795 and 796: Ziont Zevit. 1977. The Linguistic a
Page 797 and 798: David W. Baker. 1973. The Consecuti
Page 799 and 800: James A. Huges. 1970. Another Look
Page 801 and 802: ——— . 1985. The Conditioning
Page 803 and 804: ———. 1978. Hebrew Stress Shif
Page 805 and 806: ———. 1971-72. The Oldest Evid
Page 807 and 808: Avi Hurvitz. 1982. A Linguistic Stu
Page 809 and 810: James Barr. 1968. Comparative Philo
Page 811 and 812: John Macdonald. 1969. The Samaritan
Page 813 and 814: W. J. van Bekkum. 1983. Observation
Page 815 and 816: C. Rabin. 1943. The Evolution of th
Page 817 and 818: J. A. Knudtzon, O. Weber, and E. Eb
Page 819 and 820: ———. 1986. The QATAL with Fut
Page 821 and 822: August Dillmann. 1857. Grammatik de
Page 823 and 824: Wolfram von Soden. 1965. Zur Method
Page 825 and 826: Language in Literature, ed. K. Pomo
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An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax

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