An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax

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elative clause: gods that are foreign relative clause: gods belonging to foreigners The favored expression among these in Hebrew is a construct, ר ָכ ֵנּה ַ יהֵ לֹאֱ (Gen 35:2, etc.). One of these shapes or constructions may be chosen either for reasons of style or emphasis, or because of linguistic factors. Here are some examples of adjectival constructions: [Page 74] (1) Adjective 1. םיהלֹ ִ א ֱ ירֵ חֲ אַ ָ 2. (2) Participle תּ ְכלַ הָ וְ םירִ חֵ אֲ שׁא ֵ ךָיהלֹ ֶ֫ אֱ הוהי ה ָל ֵכֹא (3) Pronominal suffix 3. ךָתְּ ְשׁ אִ ו ְ ךָי ֶ֫ 4. 5. (4) Construct state נ ָבוּ ךָינֶ֫ ָב־י ֵשׁ נוּ ְ …and (if) you follow other gods Deut 8:19 YHWH your God is a consuming fire. Deut 4:24 your sons and your wife and the wives of your sons Gen 6:1–8 ינִ ֵצי ֫ בִּ רַי ְ א ֶשׁ דֶּ֫ תוֹאנְ ִבּ He makes me lie down in pastures of grass. Ps 23:2 (5) Adverbial apposition (“accusative of limitation”; 10.2.2) (6) Apposition בהָ זָ םיבִ רֻ ְכּהַ the golden cherubim (lit., the cherubim with reference 6. לבֶ ה־ל ֶ֫ א ֶ ןִיק ַ֫ ר ֶמא ֫ (7) Hendiadys ֹ יּוַ ויחִ אָ to gold) 1 Chr 28:18 Cain said to Abel his brother… Gen 4:8 7. ן ָכּ ְשׁ מִ ְבוּ להֶ ֹא֫ ְבּ with a tent as my dwelling (lit., a tent and dwelling)
8. 9. 10. 2 Sam 7:6 (8) Relative Clause (with or without relative pronoun) להֶ ֹא֫ ָבּ ר ֶשׁ א־ל ֲ ָכו ְ א ָמ טִי ְ And everyone who is in the tent is unclean. Num 19:14 הּ ָמּ ִע הּ ָשׁיאִ ְל־ם ַגּ ןתֵּ תִּ וַ And she also gave (some) to her husband (who was) with her. Gen 3:6 ךָ ְל תירִ ְכא־אֹ ַ ל שׁיאִ וְ every one of you that I do not cut off (lit., a man 4.6.2 Adverbial Modifiers [that] I do not cut off belonging to you) 1 Sam 2:33 a An adverbial modifier is a construction that modifies a verb or its equivalent. There are various kinds of adverbial constructions. b When a noun modifies a verb, it is said to be in “the accusative function,” a construction treated in Chapter 10. Suffice it here to note that there are two principal types of accusative: direct object and adverbial. 1. [Page 75] 2. םיהלֹ ִ אֱ ארָ ְבִ יּוֵ םדָ אָ ה־ת ָ אֶ לדַּ גְ א ֶ אסֵּ כִּ הַ קרַ ָךּמֶּ ֫ ִמ God created hā˒ādām (direct object). Gen 1:27 Only with respect to the throne (adverbial) will I be greater than you. Gen 41:40 An infinitive construct (36.2.1) may be used as a direct object, as a verbal complement, or in a prepositional phrase. 3. 4. 5. אֹ בו ָ תא ֵצ עדַ א ֵ אֹ ל I do not know (how) to go out and come in (objects). 1 Kgs 3:7 וֹבּ־ה ֶכּ ַנ ל ַכוּא י ַלוּא Perhaps I will be able to defeat them (complement). Num 22:6 וּנּתי ֶ֫ מְ ִ י אוּה וֹב־וֹעגְ ִפבּ ְ When he meets him (prepositional phrase), he shall be put to death. Num 35:19 An infinitive absolute (35.3.3) may be used as a direct object or as an adverb.
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An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew
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AV Authorized Version (1611) LXX Se
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first quarter of the nineteenth cen
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use it. In any format, intermediate
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have continued to make small adjust
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from all stages, from the oldest po
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the Hebrew Bible is written in Aram
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Late Third Millennium (2350-2000).
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especially problematic body of mate
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do the Tosefta and halakhic (legal)
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c Judgments regarding these literar
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the text type represented by the Sa
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established on the basis of Ugariti
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history and of captors in their lat
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B.C.E.), they began to indicate fin
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tetragrammaton (YHWH), occasionally
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the text. By at least 100 C.E. the
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1.6 Masoretic Text 1.6.1 Character
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ומש הוהי would originally ha
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f During the more fluid stages of t
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In his later psalter, “Juxta Hebr
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groups of words joined by conjuncti
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Page 47 and 48: e The Masoretes, whose work had cul
Page 49 and 50: three radicals of the root by Pe (f
Page 51 and 52: The labors of adaptation culminated
Page 53 and 54: a Linguistic literature on Hebrew f
Page 55 and 56: d In spite of various contacts betw
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Page 61 and 62: describe and refer to the real worl
Page 63 and 64: One way to view the grammar/lexis o
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Page 67 and 68: should primary attention be given t
Page 69 and 70: vowels (syncope). The fullest form
Page 71 and 72: 3.3.4 Discourse and Text a Most lin
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Page 75 and 76: given language, where the base is n
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Page 81 and 82: two levels of language has been res
Page 83 and 84: 4.6 Modifiers 6.1 Adjectival Modifi
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Page 87 and 88: 2. interjection 3. adverb 4 the spe
Page 89 and 90: 4.3 Phrase and Clause a A phrase is
Page 91 and 92: 5. 6. 7. [Page 70] 8. (5) Infinitiv
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Page 95: 6. [Page 73] 7. םתֶּ אַ םי
Page 99 and 100: The nominative absolute constructio
Page 101 and 102: 4.8 Sentence Mic 1:2 a The sentence
Page 103 and 104: 1. םִי ר֫ ַ ְצ ִמ וּד
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Page 107 and 108: proposed an elaborate schema to cla
Page 109 and 110: f This summary of one effort to des
Page 111 and 112: 12. 13. ַ 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
Page 113 and 114: “sharpens” the root in a semant
Page 115 and 116: In most of these examples the vowel
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Page 119 and 120: example, liškâ and niškâ, ‘ro
Page 121 and 122: The -â ending (the he is a mater l
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Page 127 and 128: classes of nouns reflected in the b
Page 129 and 130: In time -at came to have the ultima
Page 131 and 132: Another masculine head noun is תי
Page 133 and 134: d Single components of a collective
Page 135 and 136: The doublet ה ָנ ֵע ְשׁ ַ
Page 137 and 138: ךָתֶּ ֫ ִבוּ־ךָנְ ִב
Page 139 and 140: ִ ֶ֫ ְ ַ 110] 4. 5. ה ָמּ
Page 141 and 142: in a way somewhat different from th
Page 143 and 144: With collectives the singular desig
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11. 12. ׃בלֵ ו ָ בל־אֹ
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d For complex historical reasons, a
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The plural of a singular collective
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18:51, 28:8, 42:6, 44:5; sing. freq
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used of various gods, it takes plur
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28:28). It also occurs in passages
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singular plural dual nominative -u
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e genitive and the -ô either accus
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הוהי־ר ַבד ְ הָיהָ
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8.4.1 Clauses of Identification a I
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2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Gen 42:11 ׃אוּה
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Num 13:29 This rule does not apply
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‘YHWH our God is one YHWH’) 23
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for example, a noun (the modified)
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ְ ֶ ָ ִ֫ ִ ְ ֶ ְ ְ ְ b M
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coordinate elements in the compound
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genitive of agent (or a subjective
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2 Chr 24:6 [Page 144] d An agent or
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25. 26. 27. 28. 29. ויבִ א־ת
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9. 10. ךָתְּ רְ אַ ְפתּ
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9.5.3 Adjectival Genitive a In adje
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16. ה ָנ ָשׁ־ן ֶבּ ר ָכ
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34. [Page 152] 35. 36. םחֶ ֶל
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i In other genitives of class, the
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A prepositional phrase most often s
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9.7 Determination and Periphrasis a
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A comparable eonstruetion involves
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5. 6. 7. תוֹא ָב ְצ ( ם־י
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within the clause. 2 In this exampl
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5. She gave him the books. 6. She g
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19. 20. 21. 22. יתּ֑ ִ לְ וּ
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g An internal accusative is an expr
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i The so-called “datival accusati
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5. 6. 7. ת ֶב ֶכֹשׁ ֫ ה ָ
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substantive, adjective, or particip
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41. Ps 71:7 The accusative of speci
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[Page 175] 15. Deut 27:6 The accusa
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34. םתוֹא ָ ליחִ ְנַי
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called nota accusativi.” 30 A. M.
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ַ ִ ֱ ַ ַ ֫ ַ a The emphatic
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ָ ִ ְ ֶ b The particle תא is
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3. 4. 5. 6. ן ִמָ ינְ ִבּ
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20. וּכלְ ה־אֹ ֽ ָ ל י
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a Before the decipherment of the Ug
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2.13 לע 2.14 םע 2.15 תחתּ 11
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2. CVC, the proclitic prepositions
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complex prepositions (11.3), some s
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11.2.1 ירֵ חֲ א ַ ~רחַ א
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6. וֹא תוֹא ךָי ֶל֫ א
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[Page 196] 11.2.5 ְבּ a This prep
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19. תִיבַּ֫ ה ַ עקַ רְ
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35. 36. ךָתְּ ְב ִשׁ ְבּ
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[Page 201] 11. ימִּ ַע ןיבּ
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a This preposition is the only extr
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12. תָ ֹתּ֫ חִ ה ַ וֹ ֑
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6. ת ֵע ְל ה ָנֹוּיּהַ
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26. Gen 12:18 הוהי ַל אוּה
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42. 43. 44. 45. קוֹת ָמ ל ְ
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[Page 211] 59. 60. 61. ךָוֹ ֑מ
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from a specified beginning point (#
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20. תירִ ְכ ַנ אוֹלוְ
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d A goal of an abstract sort may be
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d The preposition can mark an objec
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׃עַ ֻשׁוֹהְי 5. ינֹד
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and specify the nature of its relat
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It is not rare, however, for the pr
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exclude such a union, the prepositi
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more precisely. Phrases which in En
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elate clauses by juxtaposition, the
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8. 9. ה ָנ ָמ לְ א ַ ה ָ
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28. 29. 27. קחָ ְצִי ְל י
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ןֹטקָּ הַ Gen 1:16 [Page 235
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while in # 9 the definite (or arthr
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ר ָפ ָעה ֶ the dust 15. In s
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ידַּ ַשׁ לאֵ Ruling (?) God
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a The common noun with the article
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16. 17. [Page 244] 18. טי ִל ָ
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36. 37. 35. ׃בהָ ָ ֶ זּ ַב
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10. 11. ר ַענּ ֑ ָ֫ה ַ ה
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ַ ַ ַ ְ ַ ָ ַ ֶ ֫ ָ ֶ֫
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דמָ ָע חַ רָי ְ ו ְ Mo
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a Nouns can be modified in a variet
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c An adjective often agrees with it
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Chap. 15). Another influence may be
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2. 3. ךָיט֫ ֶ ָפּ ְשׁ מ
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20. ה֑ עָ ר ָ ץרֶ א֫ ָ
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4. םי ִלֹד גּ ְ םִיוֹ
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25. 26. רב֑ ָ דּ ָ הוהימ
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Ezek 9:9 Various divine names can b
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33. 34. רי ִעה ָ י ֵלֹד
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15.6 Distributive Expressions 15.1
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םִינ ַ֫ ְשׁ ִל Ezra 10:13
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[Page 276] i As a substantive the n
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4. 5. וינָ ָבּ ת ַע ְב
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the latter otherwise unused. 15 (3)
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11. םי ִע ְב ִשׁ ו ְ םי
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18. תוֹא ֵמ־עבַ ְשׁוּ
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8. שׁדֶ ֹח ֫ ר ָשׂ ָע ם
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a The multiplicative expressions ar
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The other pattern, used for fractio
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The traditional segregation of pron
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elements also found in demonstrativ
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+ pronoun, although the former is m
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17. [Page 296] 18. ׃םרָ ְבא
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c This construction has a “select
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18. 17. . תוֹכלָ ְמּ ה ָ
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3. התָּ א ַ ה ֵנּה ִ וי
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one point is especially important.
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15. הֹמלֹ ְשׁ ִלּ ֶשׁ
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17.1 Introduction 17.2 Morphology 1
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Other adverbs of demonstrative forc
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an attributive adjective (i.e., wit
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10. 9. ת ֶשׁלֹ ְשׁ ִל הו
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9. ה֑ לֶ ֲענ ַ ךְרֶ דּ
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10. אוּהה ַ םוֹיּבּ ַ ם
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d There are four major parts of the
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2. 3. 5. הזֶ ָלּה ַ שׁיא
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21. אוֹלה ֲ בֹק ֲעַי ע
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preposition…[The pattern] poses a
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15. 16. Judg 11:12 םוֹל ָשׁ ְ
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37. אוּה ר ָב ְכּ הָיה
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The core term of the network, יא,
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23. ה ָנוֹז ְל התְי ָ
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introduced by the “relative” ma
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Like š, z is a frequent element in
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13. הָיה־ר ָ֫ ֶשׁ א ֲ
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9. ךְ֑ ל־ם ָ ֶלּ ַשְׁי
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14. [Page 338] 13. םוֹ ֑ל ָשׁ
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An “independent relative” claus
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הוּ ֫כַּ יּו, ַ which would
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might seem to be. 7 This survey is
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love’) or in past time (‘I love
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state; such a construction is calle
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different in Latin-influenced gramm
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the fact that the verbal stems cons
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picture John as he cooked the cabba
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only a participator in it. English,
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verb would be the object in an equi
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lengthening of the a before a non-g
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22.1 Introduction a The most common
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e English offers a second convenien
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ד֑ וִדּ־ת ָ א ֶ בהֹא
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The fientive (a/u) pattern is the m
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11. 12. [Page 370] 13. ָ ֑ ֵ֫
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3. 2. יחי ֑ ִ ִשׂ וי ָל
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50. 51. ץֹפּחַי ְ רפח ~
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ךְתָּ אִ ֵמ 2 Kgs 2:10 Some
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22.7 Qal Impersonal Constructions a
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protective h, for example, imperati
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i The Niphal normally functions as
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marked with the same case inflectio
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e Passive constructions in Hebrew m
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auxiliary[Page 386] verb in the uni
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ם ִמי ִענּ ְ הַ ו ְ ם
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In a transitive sentence the recipr
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23.5 Isolated and Denominative Niph
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old Qal passive would have a šureq
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a Since the Hithpael historically t
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such an approach is awkward, and ea
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meaning is labeled “factitive,”
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I. Qal-Piel-Hiphil attested (ca. 45
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5. ןהֶ ֵלא ֲ אוֹבתּ ָ
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h Given that the factitive is assoc
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1b. ק ֵלּחַ ֵמ וּלּ ַכְ
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waters). Ps 30:2 Regarding the use
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24.4 Denominative a Since the Piel
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ַ ָ ָ ֲ ֵ ַ ַ ְ ַ ְ ְ ָ
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24. Deut 7:26 h In the numeral deno
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׃וֹל י ֵכוֹח־ל ָכּ Isa
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is not concerned with an act but an
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If the implicit action is indirect
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8. 9. ךְרֹבְ ַ י ךָתְ
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of the t (ת →ט; ## 18-19). If t
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Piel stem. 8 The presence of passiv
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implies that he disallows Goetze’
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Jer 5:9 3. א ֵשּׂ נַ תְ ִמ
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2. גח־שׁ ֑ ָ דֶּ קַ תְ
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1b. 2a. 2b. Ps 111:2 הוהי ֑ ך
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[Page 436] f The fundamental causat
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11c. עַ ֻשׁוֹהְי־תא ֶ
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18b. ַ 18c. עי ִשׁ רְ ַמ
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with a subject and two accusatives,
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generation (e.g., רֹכבּ ְ ‘f
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15. 14. תוֹרהָ ְנ וּחינ
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[Page 448] 1d. הֹערְ ַפּ־ת
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[Page 450] 4b. 4c. 5a. ץרֶ א֑
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2c. הדֶ ָשּׂ ה ַ תַ יּחַ
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5. imperative דֹמ ֲע י ִל
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ise of modern linguistic thinking,
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conversive.’ The ordinary waw, th
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concrete nouns, represented the pas
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particles occurring with the “aff
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j Moreover, Ewald is guilty of redu
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o Turner presents us once again wit
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constructed imperfect indicative of
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jussive. It may be argued from the
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approach as the grammars must of ne
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meaningful only in relation to anot
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considered in the immediate relatio
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d The second verb in the example ab
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a The Hebrew conjugations qtl and y
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perfective aspect. The variations c
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a Stative verbs differ from fientiv
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listeners to infer the more precise
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5. ל ַכ ָשׂ םתא ָ ֵצ י
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24. 25. 27. הוהי־לא ֶ יד
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37. התָּ ַע אֹ לו ְ וּ
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4. ׃וֹמּ ִע ֵמ ןקֵ ז ָ
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494] 1. הז ֶ וּנ ְב ַשׁ ֫
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6.3 Past Time with Particles 31.7 N
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Judg 2:1 (5) After the adverbials
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the[Page 500] object of our study
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h On balance the comparative-histor
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participle, this use lends itself t
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Ps 61:3 This use forms a fitting co
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2. א ֵצ ָמִּי אֹ ל שׁר
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Exod 21:36 31.5 Volitional Uses of
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the indicative mood, the mood of ce
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c The consequent situation may in f
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31.7 Nun-Bearing Forms a Some non-p
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ָ ְ ִ ֵ ִ ָ ֱ ַ ִ ֫ ַ ְ
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unassimilated (## 1a, 2a, 3a) or as
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2a. 2b. ם ֶכתְ א ֶ יתִּ
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(a) with a stative verb (after an i
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Whatever…be the shade of meaning
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as with the English ‘then.’ Fur
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9. איהִ ה ַ ראֵ ְבּה־
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Gen 3:22 e Sometimes the non-perfec
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present time). The consequent meani
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םלָּ ֻכּ םיחי ִ רִ ָב
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24. לאוּמ ֵ ְשׁ טֹפּ ְ
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asserts an actual concrete event, w
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ם ֶכבּ ָ הוהי־ףאַ 17.
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Vanoni has studied the two most com
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ִ֫ ָ ַ ָ ִ ְ ֲ ָ ֵ ִ ֶ
Page 617 and 618:
is normally prefixed to the short p
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origin of the wa in the Akkadian co
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number of cases to justify, explain
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translated as presents. The same is
Page 625 and 626:
33.2.2 Epexegesis a Sometimes the s
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epresent the pluperfect. David Qimh
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12. םירִ ָבדּ ְ ה ַ יר
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12. 13. [Page 556] 14. וּשׁ ָ֫
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Ps 109:28 e Wayyqtl is also used af
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ינִּ ֶמּ ֫ ִמ 7. . . . וּ
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7. ז֑ ע־אֹ ָ ל ם ַע םי
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16. יקּ֑ ָח ֻ ר ֵפּסַ ל
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other languages. Through the voliti
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[Page 567] b In earlier stages of N
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The sense of a jussive in simple di
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language of bare fact, a poet often
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9. שֹׁבּ־ד ַע וֹב־וּר
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34.5.1 Cohortative in Independent C
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a In sentences made up of more than
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lacking in post-exilic texts synopt
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7. . . . ךָ ְצרְ אַ ֵמ ך
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Gen 12:13 [Page 580] 35 Infinitive
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The pattern of the Qal infinitive a
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3. ה ָנּר֫ ֶ ְכּ ְמ ת־
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infinitive, and so we do not recogn
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15. וּני ֵל֫ ָע ררֵ תּ
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34. יתִּ ְכס־אֹ ֑֫ ָ ל
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9. 10. ה ָנ ְכלַ ֫ תּ ֵ
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8. 9. 10. דמֵ ְשׁ ה ַ אטֵ
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prophetic commands: legislative com
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questions (## 9-11). 55 When the in
Page 679 and 680:
e found in sequence with a perfecti
Page 681 and 682:
typically presented as the “real
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Elsewhere the forms of the possessi
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Gen 40:20 [Page 602] d In an accusa
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1b. אֹ בא־ר ָ ֶשׁ א ֲ ד
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a The combination of l + infinitive
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The subject of the infinitive may b
Page 693 and 694:
heading may be included the very fr
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49. אוֹבל ָ שׁמֶ ֶשּׁ ֫
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used to form the perfective verbs w
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participle is sometimes used where
Page 701 and 702:
fientive participle (with objects:
Page 703 and 704:
25. שׁ ֻבל ְ שׁיאִ ה ָ
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1. שׁא ֵ ךָיהלֹ ֶ֫ א ֱ
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4. תא ֵ תֹאֹרה ָ ךָינ
Page 709 and 710:
22. ר ֵבּד ַמְ ה ַ י ִפ
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םישׁ֑ ִ ְק בַ ְמ Exod 10
Page 713 and 714:
24. 25. Gen 16:8 םהֶ ָל םחָ
Page 715 and 716:
2 Kgs 7:2 37.7 Use with Finite Verb
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17. [Page 630] 16. םינִ תֹנ
Page 719 and 720:
Much of the Masoretic system is foc
Page 721 and 722:
Schneider lists the following macro
Page 723 and 724:
a One of the most common types of l
Page 725 and 726:
7. . ל ַכאֹ נּ־ה ַמ וּר
Page 727 and 728:
6. ם ֶכתְ א ֶ יחי ִ דּ
Page 729 and 730:
ֶ ֫ ֵ ִ ֵ ֲ ֵ ֶ 10) and י
Page 731 and 732:
׃ד ָכל־ם ָ א ִ יתִּ ל
Page 733 and 734:
predicate; see 8.4.) A noun clause
Page 735 and 736:
[Page 646] 16. ׃ינוֹ ִ מ֫ ָ
Page 737 and 738:
3. ירִ ְמ ַצ ימי ַ מוּ
Page 739 and 740:
the two uses of w«/wa joining clau
Page 741 and 742:
. . . םינִ ָפל ְ םֵ יּק
Page 743 and 744:
1. [Page 654] 2. הת֑ ֵ ְשׁוּ
Page 745 and 746:
hills,’ 27 suggests that the last
Page 747 and 748:
י ִכּ ה ָמ ח֑ ָ֫ ר ֻ א
Page 749 and 750:
18. לוֹמ ְ ֶ 19. 20. 21. 22. 2
Page 751 and 752:
ֵ ְ ַ ִ ְ ֶ ֫ 3. םארא ם
Page 753 and 754:
Verbless clauses are negated with
Page 755 and 756:
5. . . . ךְִיר֫ ַ ָבחֲ
Page 757 and 758:
15. יתִּ רְ ַכז־אֹ ָ ל
Page 759 and 760:
contrast, ןכ־לע usually introd
Page 761 and 762:
ינִ א־ר ֲ ֶשׁ א ֲ תא
Page 763 and 764:
c The full range of uses is evident
Page 765 and 766:
ר ָשׂ ָבּ־ךְאַ . . . ה֑
Page 767 and 768:
׃א ֵבחָ הֵ ְבּ 20. לבָ
Page 769 and 770:
with יח), nominal exclamations (e
Page 771 and 772:
c Presentatives introducing longer
Page 773 and 774:
elation (# 21), a condition (# 22)
Page 775 and 776:
2. ימִ ְשׁ ִבּ יתִּ ְע
Page 777 and 778:
[Page 681] 1. ויבִ א־ל ָ א
Page 779 and 780:
6. 5. אֹ ל םִי ַל֫ ָשׁ
Page 781 and 782:
a There are two types of questions
Page 783 and 784:
apocope the shortening of a form at
Page 785 and 786:
generic statement a statement refer
Page 787 and 788:
predicate adjective an adjective th
Page 789 and 790:
object; in passive voice the patien
Page 791 and 792:
Jaakov Levi. 1987. Die Inkongruenz
Page 793 and 794:
F. J. Goldbaum. 1964. Two Hebrew Qu
Page 795 and 796:
Ziont Zevit. 1977. The Linguistic a
Page 797 and 798:
David W. Baker. 1973. The Consecuti
Page 799 and 800:
James A. Huges. 1970. Another Look
Page 801 and 802:
——— . 1985. The Conditioning
Page 803 and 804:
———. 1978. Hebrew Stress Shif
Page 805 and 806:
———. 1971-72. The Oldest Evid
Page 807 and 808:
Avi Hurvitz. 1982. A Linguistic Stu
Page 809 and 810:
James Barr. 1968. Comparative Philo
Page 811 and 812:
John Macdonald. 1969. The Samaritan
Page 813 and 814:
W. J. van Bekkum. 1983. Observation
Page 815 and 816:
C. Rabin. 1943. The Evolution of th
Page 817 and 818:
J. A. Knudtzon, O. Weber, and E. Eb
Page 819 and 820:
———. 1986. The QATAL with Fut
Page 821 and 822:
August Dillmann. 1857. Grammatik de
Page 823 and 824:
Wolfram von Soden. 1965. Zur Method
Page 825 and 826:
Language in Literature, ed. K. Pomo
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An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax

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