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The Universal Language of Freemasonry - ArchiMeD - Johannes ...

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60<br />

Chapter 2 – Historical Background<br />

English warrant in 1732. <strong>The</strong> Duke <strong>of</strong> Wharton became the first Grand Master in<br />

1728, while the first French Grand Master was the duc d'Antin, elected in 1738.<br />

This is also the date <strong>of</strong> the independence <strong>of</strong> France from English Masonry,<br />

acknowledged in Anderson's revised Constitutions. 139<br />

Foreign Masons <strong>of</strong> the early 20 th century judge the French Masonic life style<br />

<strong>of</strong> the 18 th century very harshly when they comment that "[a]uf fremden Boden<br />

verpflanzt, verwandelte sich die Institution der Freimaurerei vollständig; sie<br />

wurde der Sitte und dem Charakter des Französischen Volkes angepaßt [...]." 140<br />

Critics like the German Boos (in 1906) see a decline in Masonic morals and<br />

interpret the elitist society as a haven for impostors, claiming that the institution<br />

became "[...] auf Französischem Boden eine Pflanzstätte der Eitelkeit, zu<br />

unreinen Absichten gemißbraucht und der Tummelplatz für alle möglichen<br />

Schwindler und Abenteurer." 141 Boos argues that Masonry transmuted to a kind<br />

<strong>of</strong> fashion for bored French intellectuals and lounge lizards who had enough <strong>of</strong><br />

their vices and wanted to try virtue and charity for a change:<br />

Die modernen Geschichtsschreiber können in der Regel nicht schwarz<br />

genug die sittliche Verderbnis der Französischen Gesellschaft vor der<br />

Revolution malen [...]. Die große Masse der Gebildeten, denn nur diese<br />

kommen in Betracht, lebten in leichtsinniger Fröhlichkeit dahin [...]. Die<br />

ethische Tendenz des Freimaurerbundes konnte diese Salonmenschen,<br />

und das waren fast ohne Ausnahme die damaligen Franzosen, nicht<br />

locken [...]. Es war in erster Linie die Neugierde, die die Franzosen in<br />

die Logen führte. Der über die Freimaurerei geworfene Schleier des<br />

Geheimnisses lockte unwiderstehlich; man witterte in ihr die Kunst der<br />

Magie und der Kabbala [...]. Nicht minder wirkte die Langeweile, unter<br />

der die Franzosen litten, verführerisch. Nachdem man alle Laster<br />

gekostet hatte, wollte man es zur Abwechslung mit der Tugend<br />

versuchen. Eine rührselige Menschenliebe kam damals in Mode. Die<br />

Loge aber pflegte insbesondere die Wohltätigkeit. 142<br />

An important step to make the lodge socially acceptable was the fact that the<br />

French citizens <strong>of</strong> the 18 th century began to become interested in England since<br />

Montesquieu had informed his contemporaries about the English society and<br />

constitution, and since Voltaire had lauded the diligence <strong>of</strong> the English people in<br />

contrast to the degeneration <strong>of</strong> the French nobility. Especially the French women<br />

began to imitate the English fashion. 143 <strong>The</strong> nobility went into the French lodges,<br />

and since all Masons have to be equal, the gap between bourgeoisie and nobility<br />

was abolished in French lodges by allowing the noblemen to keep their title and<br />

providing the bourgeois members with a title or nom de guerre (chévalier). This<br />

139<br />

Cf. Henderson and Pope, vol. II, p. 183.<br />

140<br />

Boos, p. 170.<br />

141<br />

Ibid.<br />

142<br />

Ibid, p. 172.<br />

143<br />

Cf. ibid.

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