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The Universal Language of Freemasonry - ArchiMeD - Johannes ...

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Chapter 2 – Historical Background 61<br />

development is vice versa to the English mode, where the noblemen waived their<br />

right to a title in the lodge in order to be equal to the burghers. 144<br />

Many historians claim that <strong>Freemasonry</strong> took an important part in the French<br />

Revolution. This is true only in a limited sense. <strong>The</strong> French lodges were a place<br />

<strong>of</strong> germination for revolutionary ideas and cultivated men who supported ideals<br />

like equality, fraternity, and liberty. However, the French Masons did not<br />

actively prepare the historical events that felled the monarchy. This would be an<br />

exaggeration, even if several French Masons are still proud <strong>of</strong> their heroic<br />

revolutionary past. Besides, the inventor <strong>of</strong> the guillotine was a Mason.<br />

Quelle fut la part de la Franc-Maçonnerie dans la préparation de la<br />

Révolution? Longtemps, maçons et anti-maçons se sont accordés pour<br />

amplifier et exagérer cette part, soit en la glorifiant, soit en la<br />

vilipendant. Les historiens sérieux ont remis les choses au point par une<br />

plus saine appréciation des faits. La Franc-Maçonnerie n'a pas eu de<br />

part directe dans la préparation et la direction des événements qui ont<br />

mené à la chute de la monarchie. Mais ses temples contribuèrent à<br />

l'élaboration des idées qui furent le levain de la fementation, et plus<br />

encore à la formation de nombre d'hommes qui tavaillièrent la pâte. Par<br />

exemple, l'esprit d'égalité prit consistance dans les Loges [...]. 145<br />

After the French Revolution, the membership <strong>of</strong> the lodges changed visibly<br />

in demographic composition, for Masonry began to be "democratized." <strong>The</strong><br />

bourgeoisie was initiated and step by step it replaced the aristocracy: "Tout le<br />

côté mondain et quelque peu frivole qui était sensible avant 1789 disparut. La<br />

Maçonnerie prit beaucoup plus qu'auparavant le caractère d'une Société de<br />

pensée [...]. Les libertés acquises donnaient licence aux opinions de s'exprimer<br />

plus ouvertement, et les tendances libérales et républicaines commençaient à s'y<br />

affirmer. 146<br />

However, not only did the Masons become more politically engaged, but the<br />

government tried to misuse the fraternity as a propagandistic instrument for its<br />

power politics. Thus, Napolen - who himself was not a Mason - provided his<br />

brothers Joseph, Lucien, Louis, Jérome, as well as his marshalls Kellermann,<br />

Bernadotte, and others, who were high Masonic dignitaries, with political<br />

positions in the occupied neighboring states: "[So] machte er zur Stütze seiner<br />

innen- und außenpolitischen Interessen aus der republikanischen eine kaiserliche<br />

Maurerei. Allein die 400 Militärlogen in der kaiserlichen Armee bezeugen die<br />

praktische Wandlung des Logenwesens zur Überwachungspolizei und zum<br />

Nachrichtenapparat." 147<br />

144 Boos, p. 194.<br />

145 Corneloup, p. 22.<br />

146 Ibid, p. 24.<br />

147 Six, p. 111. For information on the role <strong>of</strong> the press in connection with <strong>Freemasonry</strong> under<br />

Napoleon cf. Heinz Gürtler, Deutsche Freimaurer im Dienste NapoleonischerPolitik. Die<br />

Geschichte der Freimaurerei im Königreich Westfalen.

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