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The Universal Language of Freemasonry - ArchiMeD - Johannes ...

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62<br />

Chapter 2 – Historical Background<br />

<strong>The</strong> infusion <strong>of</strong> politics into French Masonic lodges took place during the<br />

1820s and 1830s, when the absolutistic tendencies <strong>of</strong> the monarch rendered some<br />

action necessary. It is not entirely incorrect to presume Masonic activity with<br />

regard to the preparation <strong>of</strong> the revolution <strong>of</strong> 1830 instead <strong>of</strong> the French<br />

Revolution <strong>of</strong> 1789. Anticlericalism grew in the lodges as a reaction to the<br />

meddling <strong>of</strong> the church in state affairs, for example, in the education <strong>of</strong> the<br />

French children. <strong>The</strong> Masons were in favor <strong>of</strong> laity in public schools, contrary to<br />

those who favored Catholic schools. "Les tendances de plus en plus absolutistes<br />

de Charles X, les provocations des ultramontains, la loi sur le sacrilège, le vote<br />

du milliard aux Emigrés, furent autant de circonstances dont les répercussions<br />

agitèrent les Loges et accélérèrent le progrès des idées libérales. [...] C'est<br />

vraiment à cette époque 1820-1830 qu'on peut situer l'intrusion de la politique<br />

dans les Loges [...]." 148<br />

In an effort to remedy these conditions, the Masons became politically active,<br />

and in 1882, Jules Ferry who was minister <strong>of</strong> public education and a Mason<br />

succeeded in tearing the monopoly in the field <strong>of</strong> education from the religious<br />

congregations. He had the parliament vote on fundamental laws prescribing free<br />

and lay primary education. In 1866, Frère Jean Macé, a member <strong>of</strong> the Grand<br />

Orient, founded the Ligue de l'Enseignement in order to sustain the fight for laity<br />

in public schools. "La Franc-Maçonnerie est ainsi apparue, suivant un mot<br />

célèbre, 'l'Ecole Normale de la Démocratie' [...]." 149<br />

In the following paragraphs, the interference <strong>of</strong> French Masonry in national<br />

and international political conflicts will be inspected. One historical example is<br />

the Dreyfus affair about a Jewish army <strong>of</strong>ficer, whose fight for rights was<br />

supported by the Masons: "Au convent de 1898, les Francs-Maçons prennent de<br />

façon catégorique la défense de Dreyfus et affirment, contre la réaction, leur<br />

soutien aux Républicains." 150 Another intervention <strong>of</strong> the French Masons in<br />

politics occurred in the Nazi era, where many brethren were organized in the<br />

resistance movement: "Sous l'occupation nazie, les Francs-Maçons font leur<br />

devoir: ils entrent dans toutes les organisations de Résistance et des loges<br />

clandestines, continuent de tenir leurs assises et d'initier à la Franc-Maçonnerie<br />

des pr<strong>of</strong>anes avides de servir." 151 Another source was the Vietnam war. <strong>The</strong><br />

Grand Orient de France was leader in demanding liberty and independence for<br />

Vietnam:<br />

148 Corneloup, p. 25.<br />

149 Ibid, p. 35.<br />

150 Mitterrand, p. 80.<br />

151 Ibid, p. 86.<br />

Quand le Viet-Nam réclame son indépendance, les frères se souviennent<br />

que la Maçonnerie a contribué à dénoncer l'exploitation coloniale et que<br />

c'est la France qui a lancé dans le monde la grande idée du droit des<br />

peuples à disposer d'eux-mêmes. Le Grand Orient - et c'est son honneur<br />

- n'a cessé, depuis 1945, de dénoncer l'effroyable génocide dont est

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