Cambridge Ancient Hi.. - Index of

254 9. roman law
The leading jurists of the sixth century called them �ρωες, ο� τ�σς
ο�κουµένης διδα´ σκαλοι or ο� �πιφανέστατοι διδα´ σκαλοι. This shows
that they looked up to them and claimed less importance for themselves.
In Beirut in that period there were Leontius, Dorotheus, Anatolius,
Thalelaeus, Julian (until he moved to Constantinople) and Stephanus. 75
The course of study lasted five years, the academic year running from
early autumn to early summer. The first year was based on the Institutes of
Gaius together with four libri singulares (in fact, parts of longer works of
Ulpian or Paul) on dowry, guardianship, wills and legacies. The students
were called dupondii. In the second year they became edictales, and they then
dealt with sources of law and the structure of the courts, together with
some civil procedure, property, delict and, above all, contract. This study
was based on the high classical commentaries on the edict, especially that
of Ulpian. In the third year property, delict and contract were studied in
great depth, using a selection (eight out of nineteen books) of the opinions
of Papinian (Digesta responsa). The year began with the celebration of a feast
in honour of Papinian, and the third-year students were called Papinianistae.
In the fourth year, in which the students were called λ�ται, the responsa of
Paul served as the foundation for the analysis of complex cases. 76 In the
fifth year the imperial constitutions were read.
Law teaching in Constantinople began later. Professors paid from the
public purse were established only in 425. As in Beirut, there were then two
chairs, which were confirmed in 529 and 534. 77 The restructuring of legal
education in 533 was directed to eight teachers of law, but that does not
mean that the establishment in both schools had been doubled, since the
codification perhaps required assistants, or here too there may have been
supernumerarii. 78 From the fifth century we know of Leontius and Erotius
and, from the sixth, Theophilus, Cratinus and Julian. 79 The curriculum was
the same as in Beirut. After Justinian’s death in 565 the overstretched exchequer
was compelled to make many reductions in its commitments. As a
result the expensive professoriate was abolished, and legal education was
simplified and put in the hands of practitioners on a part-time basis. 80
Private teaching of law was carried on in the east until 533 in Athens,
Caesarea in Palestine and in Alexandria, but was then forbidden by
Justinian. 81 In the west it is evidenced in fifth-century Narbonne. The fact
that the town was incorporated into the Visigothic kingdom in 462 evidently
75 Anthologia Graeca xvi.32b; CJ i.17.2.9; cf. Krüger (1912) 408, 410 n. 26; van der Wal and Lokin
(1985) 41–2; Berger (1958); PLRE iii 773 s.v. Leontius 1, and PLRE ii 772 s.v. Leontius 22 (confusing
different people). 76 Digest Const. Omnem 1–5;cf.Inst. Const. Imperatoriam 3; Zach. Life of Severus intro.
77 C.Th. xiv.9.3.1�CJ xi.19.1.4. 78 Scheltema (1970) 3f.
79 C.Th. vi.21.1 (a.d. 425); i.1.6.2 (a.d. 435); CJ i.17.2.9; Anthologia Graeca xvi.32b; Hänel (1873) pp.
xxxvii, xxxixf.; Liebs (1987) 220–46; PLRE ii 669 s.v. Leontius 7.
80 Scheltema (1970) 8f.; Pieler (1978) 429f.; van der Wal and Lokin (1985) 55–8.
81 Digest Const. Omnem 7. Athens: Malalas p. 451.
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