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414 14. the family in the late roman world western parts – as to be a typically eastern phenomenon. 81 The same can be said of abduction. 82 Even the tendency to consider betrothal as a definitive choice has been attributed to eastern, particularly Judaic, influence; 83 it is more convincingly explained as the result of a combination of widespread economic, social and moral factors. These examples clearly show the extent to which historical judgement is conditioned by ideology, especially in a subject such as this. That one or other of these customs was more widely spread in one or other part of the empire is undeniable. What is much more difficult, however, is to distinguish an eastern anthropology from a western one on the basis of the imperial constitutions of the fourth and fifth centuries. From the doctrinal point of view, there are no significant differences in the records between east and west as regards attitudes to fundamental issues such as betrothal and marriage, 84 and for many centuries the function of the religious rites associated with these events remained substantially the same in Rome and Byzantium. 85 However, from the first decades of the fifth century, in certain respects western legislation began to take a firmer line than that of the east. This tendency – which was not absolute and included important exceptions 86 – is particularly evident not only in the prohibitions of consanguineous marriage but also in the legislation on both divorce 87 and the inheritance of illegitimate children. 88 Instead of resorting to the argument of ‘eastern specificity’, we prefer to see the matter as dependent on the different relationships existing between the secular and the religious powers in the two parts. In the east, where the state was stronger, imperial law was able to withstand the demands of the ecclesiastical authorities and to represent the sensibilities of the majority of its subjects more effectively. In the west, exposed as it was to internal and external threats, the state was more amenable to the pressures of the bishops. With the fall of Rome and the establishment of the Romano-Germanic kingdoms, the history of the Roman family was separated into two parallel, yet interlinked, processes, each of which was further divided into a myriad 81 For a different view, Wolff (1945) 40f.; Evans Grubbs (1995) 299; see in particular Vatin (1970) 204. 82 Evans Grubbs (1989) 67ff. greatly underestimates the importance of the data from the Latin rhe- 83 torical works. On other aspects of this problem, see Volterra (1937). Cohen (1949). 84 See, respectively, Anné (1941) 31 and Gaudemet (1978b) 27. 85 The most significant changes occurred in Byzantium in the ninth century when decisive importance was attributed to betrothal and the marriage blessing: L’Huillier (1987). 86 See, for example, the provision introduced by the western emperor Majorian in 458: an attempt to promote marriages between the nobility, to encourage the remarriage of widows and to stop parents from consigning virgins to convents for patrimonial reasons (Nov. 6). 87 The greater leniency of eastern legislation on divorce can be observed by comparing C.Th. iii.16.2 (421; modified in CJ ix.9.34) with Theod. Nov. 12 (439), CJ v.17.8 (449), Val. Nov. 35.11 (452) and CJ 88 v.17.9 (497). In general, see Volterra (1975). C.Th. iv.6.6 (405); iv.6.7 (426/427); iv.6.8 (428). Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
west and east 415 individual situations both in the Mediterranean world and in continental Europe. Anyone wishing to devote a single book to the subsequent chapters of the history of the ideal-types that we call the ‘eastern family’ and the ‘western family’ faces a truly demanding task. For apart from negotiating the labyrinthine links between individual instance and general rule, he would also be expected to classify modes of acculturation, identify sociological constants, propose historical comparisons and reconstruct actual relationships. It is perhaps not difficult to see why these parallel lives still await their Plutarch. Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
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THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY VOLUM
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THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY VOLUM
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CONTENTS List of maps page xiii Lis
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contents vii i East and west: commo
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contents ix ii The maintenance of o
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contents xi 25 Monasticism page 745
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MAPS 11 The Roman world of the fift
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text-figures xv 22 The walls of The
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PREFACE The decision to extend The
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preface xix identity that created t
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CHAPTER 1 THE WESTERN EMPIRE, 425-7
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SUEVES 26 27 23 VANDALS AND ALANS 2
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the era of aetius, 425,54 5 Why thi
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the era of aetius, 425,54 7 As we h
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the era of aetius, 425,54 9 are rec
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the era of aetius, 425,54 11 provin
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the era of aetius, 425,54 13 still
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the era of aetius, 425,54 15 direct
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the era of aetius, 425,54 17 a poss
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the fall of the western empire 19 i
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the fall of the western empire 21 u
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the fall of the western empire 23 a
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the fall of the western empire 25 T
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the fall of the western empire 27 n
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the fall of the western empire 29 o
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conclusion 31 loss of territory to
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CHAPTER 2 THE EASTERN EMPIRE: THEOD
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theodosius ii 35 emperor) emerged a
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theodosius ii 37 play a role of con
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theodosius ii 39 council, a respons
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theodosius ii 41 evidently broke do
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the successors of theodosius 43 Mar
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the successors of theodosius 45 Mar
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the successors of theodosius 47 rea
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the successors of theodosius 49 com
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the successors of theodosius 51 Thi
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anastasius 53 the tradition of Chry
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anastasius 55 weight in turn began
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anastasius 57 the second time after
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anastasius 59 defences in the regio
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anastasius 61 ruler whose policies
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CHAPTER 3 JUSTIN I AND JUSTINIAN av
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justinian’s early years (527,32)
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st sophia and the ‘reconquest’(
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three chapters and the fifth oecume
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three chapters and the fifth oecume
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the last decade (c. 554,65) 83 and
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the last decade (c. 554,65) 85 few
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justin ii 87 the general, might att
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justin ii 89 always have struck har
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justin ii 91 after the Gepids, who
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a b c A 35°E B 40°E C 45°E D 40
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tiberius 95 details must be untrue,
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tiberius 97 despatched in 575, but
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maurice 99 Tiberius attempted to av
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maurice 101 Maurice was faced with
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maurice 103 Antioch; Philippicus wa
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maurice 105 At Maurice’s accessio
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a 45°N Siscia SCALE 0 0 Sava DINAR
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conclusion 109 could then be summon
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conclusion 111 troops north of the
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gaul: visigothic kingdom, 416,507 1
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the burgundian kingdom, 412,534 115
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A 50°N 20°W B 10°W C 0° D 10°E
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frankish gaul, 481,596 119 his four
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spain: the suevic kingdoms, 425,584
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visigothic spain, 456,601 123 in th
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vandal africa, 429,533 125 broke th
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ostrogothic italy, 493,555 127 take
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ostrogothic italy, 493,555 129 repu
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italy: the lombards, 568,90 131 Nar
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itish isles: anglo-saxon, irish & p
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CHAPTER 6 EMPEROR AND COURT michael
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the physical context of power 137 c
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the physical context of power 139 a
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the physical context of power 141 h
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the emperor 143 The emperor’s act
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the court: the human element 145 de
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the court: the human element 147 Ta
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the court: the human element 149 Th
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the court: the human element 151 wo
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the court: the human element 153 Ta
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the court: the human element 155 a
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court and ceremony 157 distinctions
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court and ceremony 159 Though doubt
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court and culture 161 Theoderic, ev
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court and culture 163 between the t
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sources 165 i. sources The range of
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sources 167 right as praetorian pre
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sources 169 it reminds us that a ma
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the structures of government 171 hi
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the structures of government 173 th
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the structures of government 175 ea
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the structures of government 177 wo
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the structures of government 179 ch
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administration in operation 181 pre
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administration in operation 183 The
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administration in operation 185 bee
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administration in operation 187 act
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administration in operation 189 exa
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administration in operation 191 man
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administrative change 193 appointme
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administrative change 195 areas und
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administrative change 197 produce.
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administrative change 199 the taxes
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administrative change 201 become to
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from rome to byzantium 203 earned t
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from rome to byzantium 205 as had h
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CHAPTER 8 ADMINISTRATION AND POLITI
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east and west: common trends 209 th
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a 40°N b 30°N c A 10°W B 0° C 1
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the cities of the east 213 statues,
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the cities of the east 215 built up
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the cities of the east 217 whose co
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the cities of the east 219 part in
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the cities of the east 221 building
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the cities of the east 223 purchase
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the cities of the east 225 fewer of
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the cities of the east 227 their su
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administration and politics in the
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Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
conclusion 237 and Athens, is paral
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introduction: law in the late roman
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the jurisdiction 241 magistrates, t
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sources of law and law making 243 n
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codification 245 his commissioners
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codification 247 cousin and father-
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codification 249 that in the meanti
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codification 251 the commission. Ju
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law schools 253 v. law schools Roma
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legal literature 255 did not have a
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legal literature 257 on the Epitome
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continuity, vulgarization, classici
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law in the western kingdoms 261 con
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edicts and judgements 263 within Au
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edicts and judgements 265 called, i
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edicts and judgements 267 decrees o
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lawbooks and codes 269 plaintiff’
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the evolution of frankish written l
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Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
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from north-west europe to the medit
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from north-west europe to the medit
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arbarian and roman law 283 use of t
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urgundian and gothic law 285 himsel
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urgundian and gothic law 287 claim
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troops: categories, conditions of s
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troops: categories, conditions of s
Page 313 and 314:
navies 293 This massive army could
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western collapse 295 prevented the
Page 317 and 318:
western collapse 297 however, showe
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western collapse 299 army: military
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the eastern army: men and resources
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Page 325 and 326:
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eastern survival 309 bodyguards, an
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eastern survival 311 Avars, who sho
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eastern survival 313 dictated the d
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CHAPTER 12 LAND, LABOUR AND SETTLEM
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the issues and the evidence 317 yet
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the issues and the evidence 319 can
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population; settlement; demographic
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Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
ural settlement (villages, farmstea
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SCALE 0 Antioch Sites Upland 10 20
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ural fortifications 335 they persis
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pattern of land ownership; status o
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Page 361 and 362:
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difficulties and evidence 347 still
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a 40°N b 30°N c A 10°W B 0° C S
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the general picture 351 Fig. 12 The
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the general picture 353 Fig. 13 A g
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the general picture 355 In Italy, t
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the general picture 357 and evident
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(1) (1) (1) Grado (2) Venice (5) (2
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the extent of the change 361 instan
Page 383 and 384: egional and local variation 363 Rom
Page 385 and 386: ‘prosperity’ and ‘sophisticat
Page 387 and 388: ‘prosperity’ and ‘sophisticat
Page 389 and 390: the distribution of goods and wealt
Page 397 and 398: state and aristocratic distribution
Page 399 and 400: state and aristocratic distribution
Page 401 and 402: causes of economic decline: a consi
Page 403 and 404: war, disruption and economic declin
Page 405 and 406: war, disruption and economic declin
Page 407 and 408: climate, the environment and the ec
Page 409 and 410: population change and economic chan
Page 411 and 412: economic decline: some conclusions
Page 413 and 414: christianity and laws on the family
Page 419 and 420: law and society 399 and feasible co
Page 421 and 422: law and society 401 (attested for t
Page 423 and 424: law and society 403 and society is
Page 425 and 426: law and society 405 even greater ex
Page 427 and 428: negations of the family 407 iii. ne
Page 429 and 430: negations of the family 409 clearly
Page 431 and 432: west and east 411 hand, entailed al
Page 433: west and east 413 This polarity bet
Page 437 and 438: family and friendship in the west 4
Page 457 and 458: CHAPTER 16 STATE, LORDSHIP AND COMM
Page 459 and 460: the community of the realm 439 peer
Page 461 and 462: the community of the realm 441 tran
Page 463 and 464: the community of the realm 443 owni
Page 465 and 466: the community of the realm 445 dyna
Page 467 and 468: the community of the realm 447 in t
Page 469 and 470: the community of the realm 449 Even
Page 471 and 472: the community of the realm 451 with
Page 473 and 474: the community of the realm 453 Thes
Page 475 and 476: peers and lords: local communities
Page 485 and 486:
peers and lords: local communities
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peers and lords: local communities
Page 489 and 490:
CHAPTER 17 ARMIES AND SOCIETY IN TH
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military power and authority 471 fi
Page 493 and 494:
military power and authority 473 da
Page 495 and 496:
the maintenance of order 475 suppor
Page 497 and 498:
the maintenance of order 477 soldie
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the maintenance of order 479 The ef
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local and central 481 efficient gar
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local and central 483 or cities but
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soldier and civilian 485 practices
Page 507 and 508:
soldier and civilian 487 been subje
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soldier and civilian 489 the empero
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soldier and civilian 491 the men of
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soldier and civilian 493 Negev is r
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soldier and civilian 495 powerful l
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CHAPTER 18 THE NORTH-WESTERN PROVIN
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the north-western provinces 499 Alo
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the north-western provinces 501 age
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the north-western provinces 503 We
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the north-western provinces 505 in
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the north-western provinces 507 bec
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the north-western provinces 509 fro
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the north-western provinces 511 pre
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the north-western provinces 513 sui
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the north-western provinces 515 Bri
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the north-western provinces 517 are
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the north-western provinces 519 Thi
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the north-western provinces 521 han
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the north-western provinces 523 whi
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CHAPTER 19 ITALY, A.D. 425-605 mark
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italian interests and end of the we
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40°N c SCALE 0 100 200 300 0 odoac
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odoacer and theoderic (476,526) 531
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the end of the ostrogothic kingdom
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forging the lombard kingdom (568,60
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Kingdom of the Franks a 45°N b 40
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italy transformed: the ruling ilite
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the church and the papacy 541 empir
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the church and the papacy 543 of pr
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settlement and society 545 landhold
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settlement and society 547 various
Page 569 and 570:
italian identities in late antiquit
Page 571 and 572:
conclusion 551 tion. The fiscal cup
Page 573 and 574:
the vandal conquest and vandal rule
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the vandal conquest and vandal rule
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a b 34°N c the vandal conquest and
Page 579 and 580:
the byzantine conquest and byzantin
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Page 583 and 584:
Page 585 and 586:
Page 587 and 588:
Page 589 and 590:
Page 591 and 592:
the political geography 571 Inscrip
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a 40°N b 35°N A 25°E B 30°E C 3
Page 595 and 596:
the historical framework 575 hierar
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the cities 577 However, although As
Page 599 and 600:
the cities 579 from the late fifth
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the cities 581 were redeveloped, th
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city and countryside 583 achievemen
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the end of the civic era 585 and co
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the end of the civic era 587 societ
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syria, palestine and mesopotamia 58
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Page 613 and 614:
Page 615 and 616:
Page 617 and 618:
Page 619 and 620:
Page 621 and 622:
Page 623 and 624:
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a 36°N b 34°N c 32°N d A 34°E B
Page 627 and 628:
Page 629 and 630:
Page 631 and 632:
Page 633 and 634:
egypt 613 quently, Libya was separa
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egypt 615 some of the Egyptian prov
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egypt 617 praeses of Thebaid had, a
Page 639 and 640:
egypt 619 be more striking. In Pous
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egypt 621 Fig. 19 Relief from the u
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egypt 623 Fig. 20 Fragment of a pap
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egypt 625 Theodore’s following hi
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egypt 627 Monophysite and Chalcedon
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egypt 629 one is that earlier house
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egypt 631 concern the Apions and th
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egypt 633 become vulnerable to fami
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egypt 635 corrections, what were on
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egypt 637 times by the charities of
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omans and sasanids 639 Kurdistan hi
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omans and sasanids 641 Ctesiphon in
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omans and sasanids 643 of defending
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oyal legitimation 645 developments
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sasanid kings and the zoroastrian p
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sasanid kings and the zoroastrian p
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kings and nobles 651 service of the
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kings and nobles 653 is the foundat
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taxation and military organization
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taxation and military organization
Page 679 and 680:
sasanid collapse 659 payers in the
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sasanid collapse 661 troops in remo
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armenia in the fifth and sixth cent
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Page 689 and 690:
Page 691 and 692:
Page 693 and 694:
Page 695 and 696:
Page 697 and 698:
Page 699 and 700:
the arabs in late antiquity 679 muc
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the arabs in late antiquity 681 Ind
Page 703 and 704:
arabian religious traditions 683 mo
Page 705 and 706:
arabian religious traditions 685 Th
Page 707 and 708:
economic life in arabia 687 use-val
Page 709 and 710:
imperium and imperial politics 689
Page 711 and 712:
Page 713 and 714:
Page 715 and 716:
mecca, muhammad and the rise of isl
Page 717 and 718:
Page 719 and 720:
Page 721 and 722:
CHAPTER 23 THE BALKANS AND GREECE 4
Page 723 and 724:
introduction 703 It also illustrate
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the huns 705 latter is well illustr
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a 45°N b Salona 40°N c 35°N d Sa
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the huns 709 stoutly defended Roman
Page 731 and 732:
the huns 711 were complemented by t
Page 733 and 734:
from the huns to the avars 713 abou
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from the huns to the avars 715 who
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from the huns to the avars 717 The
Page 739 and 740:
SCALE 0 50 100m from the huns to th
Page 741 and 742:
from roman to post-roman 721 of the
Page 743 and 744:
N SCALE 0 Sacred Way Road to the Ac
Page 745 and 746:
SCALE 0 25 50m from roman to post-r
Page 747 and 748:
from roman to post-roman 727 Thebes
Page 749 and 750:
from roman to post-roman 729 basis
Page 751 and 752:
CHAPTER 24 THE ORGANIZATION OF THE
Page 753 and 754:
ishops and patriarchs 733 Constanti
Page 755 and 756:
ishops and patriarchs 735 Alexandri
Page 757 and 758:
councils and clergy 737 qualificati
Page 759 and 760:
councils and clergy 739 553 showed
Page 761 and 762:
finance 741 and received the palliu
Page 763 and 764:
teaching 743 Christian who learns t
Page 765 and 766:
CHAPTER 25 MONASTICISM philip rouss
Page 767 and 768:
monasticism 747 spiritual values, e
Page 769 and 770:
monasticism 749 brief and partly fi
Page 771 and 772:
monasticism 751 within his system.
Page 773 and 774:
monasticism 753 famous - to be arch
Page 775 and 776:
monasticism 755 reveals, in a patte
Page 777 and 778:
monasticism 757 new capital for the
Page 779 and 780:
monasticism 759 the way in which th
Page 781 and 782:
monasticism 761 Ennaton, a large De
Page 783 and 784:
monasticism 763 As we would expect
Page 785 and 786:
monasticism 765 those might best be
Page 787 and 788:
monasticism 767 his Italian predece
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monasticism 769 was carefully defin
Page 791 and 792:
monasticism 771 evidence of its con
Page 793 and 794:
monasticism 773 rule is preoccupied
Page 795 and 796:
monasticism 775 with laborious scru
Page 797 and 798:
monasticism 777 demanded in the Rul
Page 799 and 800:
monasticism 779 Scythopolis with th
Page 801 and 802:
CHAPTER 26 HOLY MEN peter brown Som
Page 803 and 804:
holy men 783 That sanctity, when ac
Page 805 and 806:
holy men 785 provide us with a set
Page 807 and 808:
holy men 787 of the emergence and f
Page 809 and 810:
holy men 789 among the more hesitan
Page 811 and 812:
holy men 791 A loyal, if careworn,
Page 813 and 814:
holy men 793 When Marwan heard this
Page 815 and 816:
holy men 795 the supernatural econo
Page 817 and 818:
holy men 797 The Great Old Man even
Page 819 and 820:
holy men 799 flow of divine favours
Page 821 and 822:
holy men 801 the villagers were edg
Page 823 and 824:
holy men 803 A star [he told her] i
Page 825 and 826:
holy men 805 formed human conscious
Page 827 and 828:
holy men 807 conflict, the supremel
Page 829 and 830:
holy men 809 Symeon maintained, as
Page 831 and 832:
CHAPTER 27 THE DEFINITION AND ENFOR
Page 833 and 834:
the councils of ephesus i and ii 81
Page 835 and 836:
aftermath of chalcedon 815 iii. aft
Page 837 and 838:
zeno and basiliscus 817 antencyclic
Page 839 and 840:
anastasius i 819 a synod in Antioch
Page 841 and 842:
justin i and justinian 821 was forc
Page 843 and 844:
justin i and justinian 823 Caesarea
Page 845 and 846:
justin i and justinian 825 Cyril of
Page 847 and 848:
justin i and justinian 827 Chapters
Page 849 and 850:
justinian’s successors 829 exile
Page 851 and 852:
justinian’s successors 831 (Baalb
Page 853 and 854:
justinian’s successors 833 tribes
Page 855 and 856:
CHAPTER 28 PHILOSOPHY AND PHILOSOPH
Page 857 and 858:
philosophy in athens 837 but also o
Page 859 and 860:
philosophy in athens 839 contempora
Page 861 and 862:
philosophy in athens 841 Damascius
Page 863 and 864:
philosophy in alexandria 843 lower
Page 865 and 866:
philosophy in alexandria 845 First,
Page 867 and 868:
philosophy in alexandria 847 who pi
Page 869 and 870:
philosophy in alexandria 849 Chalda
Page 871 and 872:
philosophy in alexandria 851 we wou
Page 873 and 874:
philosophy elsewhere in the empire
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CHAPTER 29 EDUCATION IN THE ROMAN E
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education in the roman empire 857 t
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education in the roman empire 859 i
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education in the roman empire 861 P
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education in the roman empire 863 a
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education in the roman empire 865 i
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education in the roman empire 867 u
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education in the roman empire 869 f
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education in the roman empire 871 M
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education in the roman empire 873 s
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education in the roman empire 875 s
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non-literary education 877 from the
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non-literary education 879 on the n
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non-literary education 881 rose to
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non-literary education 883 to pass
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the visual arts 885 questions of pi
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artistic evidence and its interpret
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church and art in the fifth century
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Fig. 31 Mosaics of the Annunciation
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Fig. 32 Fifth-century mosaics of sa
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church and art in the fifth century
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‘the age of justinian’ 903 impe
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‘the age of justinian’ 905 as t
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Fig. 35 Sanctuary and apse with mos
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‘the age of justinian’ 909 her
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‘the age of justinian’ 911 Cons
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church, monks & art at end of the s
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introduction 919 supplemented by in
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SCALE 0 1 2 km Theodosian Wall Gold
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introduction 923 a combination of s
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House AD 451 Press N Church of the
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a 40°N b 30°N c A 0° B 10°E C 2
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PC Excavated peristyle court [TRIKL
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secular architecture 931 Fig. 45 Ep
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secular architecture 933 Incorporat
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secular architecture 935 Constantin
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Basilica (A) THERMAE 0 20m Piscina
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secular architecture 939 Fig. 48 Ga
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secular architecture 941 (b) Inns S
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30°E A 35°E B 40°E C a 40°N b 3
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secular architecture 945 pilgrimage
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secular architecture 947 4. Palaces
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(a) (b) secular architecture 949 Fi
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secular architecture 951 Fig. 52 Co
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secular architecture 953 common, an
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eligious architecture 955 continued
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(a) (b) religious architecture 957
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(a) (b) religious architecture 959
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eligious architecture 961 Beroea an
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eligious architecture 963 Juliana.
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eligious architecture 965 (c) Bemas
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eligious architecture 967 Fig. 61 B
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eligious architecture 969 in the vi
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conclusion 971 iv. conclusion The p
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conclusion 973 dence from some of t
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conclusion 975 Constantinople (a.d.
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conclusion 977 Sasanian Persia, and
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conclusion 979 monks living in part
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conclusion 981 Empire of 1964 and t
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460 Expedition of Majorian to Spain
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Visigothic Kings Vandal Kings Frank
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BIBLIOGRAPHY ABBREVIATIONS Full ref
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abbreviations 989 JESHO Journal of
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frequently cited works 991 FREQUENT
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frequently cited works 993 Jeffreys
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i. chronological overview 995 Archi
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i. chronological overview 997 Charl
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i. chronological overview 999 Goffa
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i. chronological overview 1001 the
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i. chronological overview 1003 Tard
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ii. government and institutions 100
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iii. east and west: economy and soc
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ch. 18: the north-western provinces
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ch. 19: italy, a.d. 425,605 1049 Ba
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ch. 20: vandal and byzantine africa
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ch. 20: vandal and byzantine africa
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ch. 21a: asia minor and cyprus 1055
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ch. 21a: asia minor and cyprus 1057
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ch. 21b: syria, palestine and mesop
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ch. 21c: egypt 1061 Shahı - d, I.
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ch. 21c: egypt 1063 Hardy, E. R. (1
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ch. 22a: the sasanid monarchy 1065
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ch. 22b: armenia in the fifth and s
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ch. 22b: armenia in the fifth and s
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ch. 22c: the arabs 1071 al-Is · fa
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ch. 22c: the arabs 1073 Christensen
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ch. 22c: the arabs 1075 Jabbur, J.
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ch. 23: the balkans and greece, 420
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ch. 23: the balkans and greece, 420
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v. religion and culture 1081 Woznia
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v. religion and culture 1083 Brock,
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v. religion and culture 1085 Dagron
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v. religion and culture 1087 Finney
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v. religion and culture 1089 Hadot,
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v. religion and culture 1091 Kleinb
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v. religion and culture 1093 Mansfe
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v. religion and culture 1095 Fortun
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v. religion and culture 1097 Sorabj
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v. religion and culture 1099 Wallac
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conclusion 1101 Heather, P. (1989)
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