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890 30. the visual arts Fig. 29 Mosaic panel of the Hospitality of Abraham from the nave of S. Maria Maggiore, Rome, 432–40. (Photo: Alinari/Art Resource, NY) decoration. The nave imagery is more than mere narrative, and involves just as complex symbolic and liturgical references as the triumphal arch. For example, the panel on the left wall nearest to the sanctuary shows a narrative sequence of Abraham meeting the three angels at the oak of Mamre, his hospitality, and their prediction of Sarah’s pregnancy, but the evocations are rich and deeply theological: among these are the reference to the typological connection between Sarah and Mary, and the implication that the Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
artistic evidence and its interpretation 891 three angels represent the Trinity and the symbolic meal of bread and wine foretelling the eucharist (which was celebrated in the church itself on the altar in the sanctuary area below the mosaic). Neither of the cycles is a simple narrative. The decorators of the mosaics have also developed their means of expression far beyond the conventions of the manuscripts of the period, and they have reacted to the problems of a monumental environment. They had to make the scenes somehow visible to the audience despite their height above the colonnade and despite the difficulties of viewing which result from daylight shining through windows. The use of gold around the figures was one response to such problems; it was a device which succeeded in marking and highlighting the principal figures, while at the same time giving them increased symbolic status by their penumbra of gold. Making the imagery visible had its spin-offs, too. This treatment of the scene of Abraham and the three angels can be compared with another rendering in the mosaics in San Vitale in Ravenna over a century later. Here the artists have again explored and refined visual strategies to make the scene readable from the floor of the church (perhaps after study of the S. Maria Maggiore panel itself). In Ravenna a more linear style and an increase in the size and scale of the figures as they are placed higher on the wall have solved the viewing problems. In these churches, the mosaics were set tessera by tessera directly and pragmatically on the walls – not in the studio or in front of manuscripts – and the skills of presentation derive from experience gained in the monuments. In the face of an art-historical literature which has in general emphasized broad-scale change but failed to offer any consensus on what that change was or how it can be described or explained, it is likely that style history must in future be more closely aligned with the indications of history and literature. If decline is to be replaced by a meaningful notion of transformation, we shall need to be aware of the formalistic contribution but also to go beyond its limitations and accept that we are seeing a religious art under development. 15 Although there are collections of texts about art in this period (notably by C. Mango and C. Davis-Weyer), 16 the implications for the history of art of such evocative authors at Paulinus of Nola, Corippus, Procopius, Choricius of Gaza and Gregory of Tours (among others) have been more signalled than explored by art historians. The aim of this chapter is to cover the special and distinctive arthistorical features of the period from 425 to 600, which does offer an identifiable phase in the history of art, even if it lacks an agreed label. It is a time replete with major works and innovations, which established the 15 Elsner (1995) exploits the primary literature more than Mathews (1993); for a critical review of Mathews, see P. Brown in the Art Bulletin 77 (1995) 499–502. 16 Davis-Weyer (1971) and Mango (1972). Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008
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THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY VOLUM
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THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY VOLUM
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CONTENTS List of maps page xiii Lis
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contents vii i East and west: commo
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contents ix ii The maintenance of o
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contents xi 25 Monasticism page 745
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MAPS 11 The Roman world of the fift
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text-figures xv 22 The walls of The
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PREFACE The decision to extend The
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preface xix identity that created t
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CHAPTER 1 THE WESTERN EMPIRE, 425-7
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SUEVES 26 27 23 VANDALS AND ALANS 2
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the era of aetius, 425,54 5 Why thi
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the era of aetius, 425,54 7 As we h
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the era of aetius, 425,54 9 are rec
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the era of aetius, 425,54 11 provin
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the era of aetius, 425,54 13 still
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the era of aetius, 425,54 15 direct
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the era of aetius, 425,54 17 a poss
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the fall of the western empire 19 i
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the fall of the western empire 21 u
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the fall of the western empire 23 a
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the fall of the western empire 25 T
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the fall of the western empire 27 n
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the fall of the western empire 29 o
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conclusion 31 loss of territory to
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CHAPTER 2 THE EASTERN EMPIRE: THEOD
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theodosius ii 35 emperor) emerged a
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theodosius ii 37 play a role of con
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theodosius ii 39 council, a respons
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theodosius ii 41 evidently broke do
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the successors of theodosius 43 Mar
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the successors of theodosius 45 Mar
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the successors of theodosius 47 rea
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the successors of theodosius 49 com
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the successors of theodosius 51 Thi
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anastasius 53 the tradition of Chry
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anastasius 55 weight in turn began
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anastasius 57 the second time after
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anastasius 59 defences in the regio
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anastasius 61 ruler whose policies
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CHAPTER 3 JUSTIN I AND JUSTINIAN av
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justinian’s early years (527,32)
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st sophia and the ‘reconquest’(
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three chapters and the fifth oecume
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three chapters and the fifth oecume
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the last decade (c. 554,65) 83 and
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the last decade (c. 554,65) 85 few
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justin ii 87 the general, might att
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justin ii 89 always have struck har
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justin ii 91 after the Gepids, who
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a b c A 35°E B 40°E C 45°E D 40
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tiberius 95 details must be untrue,
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tiberius 97 despatched in 575, but
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maurice 99 Tiberius attempted to av
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maurice 101 Maurice was faced with
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maurice 103 Antioch; Philippicus wa
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maurice 105 At Maurice’s accessio
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a 45°N Siscia SCALE 0 0 Sava DINAR
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conclusion 109 could then be summon
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conclusion 111 troops north of the
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gaul: visigothic kingdom, 416,507 1
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the burgundian kingdom, 412,534 115
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A 50°N 20°W B 10°W C 0° D 10°E
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frankish gaul, 481,596 119 his four
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spain: the suevic kingdoms, 425,584
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visigothic spain, 456,601 123 in th
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vandal africa, 429,533 125 broke th
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ostrogothic italy, 493,555 127 take
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ostrogothic italy, 493,555 129 repu
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italy: the lombards, 568,90 131 Nar
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itish isles: anglo-saxon, irish & p
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CHAPTER 6 EMPEROR AND COURT michael
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the physical context of power 137 c
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the physical context of power 139 a
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the physical context of power 141 h
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the emperor 143 The emperor’s act
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the court: the human element 145 de
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the court: the human element 147 Ta
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the court: the human element 149 Th
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the court: the human element 151 wo
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the court: the human element 153 Ta
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the court: the human element 155 a
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court and ceremony 157 distinctions
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court and ceremony 159 Though doubt
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court and culture 161 Theoderic, ev
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court and culture 163 between the t
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sources 165 i. sources The range of
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sources 167 right as praetorian pre
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sources 169 it reminds us that a ma
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the structures of government 171 hi
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the structures of government 173 th
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the structures of government 175 ea
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the structures of government 177 wo
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the structures of government 179 ch
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administration in operation 181 pre
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administration in operation 183 The
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administration in operation 185 bee
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administration in operation 187 act
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administration in operation 189 exa
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administration in operation 191 man
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administrative change 193 appointme
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administrative change 195 areas und
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administrative change 197 produce.
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administrative change 199 the taxes
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administrative change 201 become to
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from rome to byzantium 203 earned t
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from rome to byzantium 205 as had h
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CHAPTER 8 ADMINISTRATION AND POLITI
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east and west: common trends 209 th
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a 40°N b 30°N c A 10°W B 0° C 1
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the cities of the east 213 statues,
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the cities of the east 215 built up
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the cities of the east 217 whose co
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the cities of the east 219 part in
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the cities of the east 221 building
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the cities of the east 223 purchase
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the cities of the east 225 fewer of
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the cities of the east 227 their su
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administration and politics in the
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conclusion 237 and Athens, is paral
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introduction: law in the late roman
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the jurisdiction 241 magistrates, t
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sources of law and law making 243 n
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codification 245 his commissioners
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codification 247 cousin and father-
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codification 249 that in the meanti
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codification 251 the commission. Ju
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law schools 253 v. law schools Roma
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legal literature 255 did not have a
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legal literature 257 on the Epitome
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continuity, vulgarization, classici
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law in the western kingdoms 261 con
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edicts and judgements 263 within Au
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edicts and judgements 265 called, i
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edicts and judgements 267 decrees o
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lawbooks and codes 269 plaintiff’
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the evolution of frankish written l
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from north-west europe to the medit
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from north-west europe to the medit
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arbarian and roman law 283 use of t
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urgundian and gothic law 285 himsel
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urgundian and gothic law 287 claim
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troops: categories, conditions of s
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troops: categories, conditions of s
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navies 293 This massive army could
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western collapse 295 prevented the
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western collapse 297 however, showe
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western collapse 299 army: military
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the eastern army: men and resources
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eastern survival 309 bodyguards, an
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eastern survival 311 Avars, who sho
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eastern survival 313 dictated the d
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CHAPTER 12 LAND, LABOUR AND SETTLEM
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the issues and the evidence 317 yet
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the issues and the evidence 319 can
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population; settlement; demographic
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ural settlement (villages, farmstea
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SCALE 0 Antioch Sites Upland 10 20
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ural fortifications 335 they persis
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pattern of land ownership; status o
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difficulties and evidence 347 still
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a 40°N b 30°N c A 10°W B 0° C S
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the general picture 351 Fig. 12 The
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the general picture 353 Fig. 13 A g
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the general picture 355 In Italy, t
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the general picture 357 and evident
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(1) (1) (1) Grado (2) Venice (5) (2
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the extent of the change 361 instan
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egional and local variation 363 Rom
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‘prosperity’ and ‘sophisticat
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‘prosperity’ and ‘sophisticat
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the distribution of goods and wealt
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state and aristocratic distribution
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state and aristocratic distribution
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causes of economic decline: a consi
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war, disruption and economic declin
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war, disruption and economic declin
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climate, the environment and the ec
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population change and economic chan
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economic decline: some conclusions
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christianity and laws on the family
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law and society 399 and feasible co
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law and society 401 (attested for t
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law and society 403 and society is
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law and society 405 even greater ex
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negations of the family 407 iii. ne
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negations of the family 409 clearly
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west and east 411 hand, entailed al
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west and east 413 This polarity bet
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west and east 415 individual situat
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family and friendship in the west 4
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Page 451 and 452:
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CHAPTER 16 STATE, LORDSHIP AND COMM
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the community of the realm 439 peer
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the community of the realm 441 tran
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the community of the realm 443 owni
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the community of the realm 445 dyna
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the community of the realm 447 in t
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the community of the realm 449 Even
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the community of the realm 451 with
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the community of the realm 453 Thes
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peers and lords: local communities
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CHAPTER 17 ARMIES AND SOCIETY IN TH
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military power and authority 471 fi
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military power and authority 473 da
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the maintenance of order 475 suppor
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the maintenance of order 477 soldie
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the maintenance of order 479 The ef
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local and central 481 efficient gar
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local and central 483 or cities but
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soldier and civilian 485 practices
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soldier and civilian 487 been subje
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soldier and civilian 489 the empero
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soldier and civilian 491 the men of
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soldier and civilian 493 Negev is r
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soldier and civilian 495 powerful l
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CHAPTER 18 THE NORTH-WESTERN PROVIN
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the north-western provinces 499 Alo
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the north-western provinces 501 age
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the north-western provinces 503 We
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the north-western provinces 505 in
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the north-western provinces 507 bec
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the north-western provinces 509 fro
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the north-western provinces 511 pre
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the north-western provinces 513 sui
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the north-western provinces 515 Bri
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the north-western provinces 517 are
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the north-western provinces 519 Thi
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the north-western provinces 521 han
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the north-western provinces 523 whi
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CHAPTER 19 ITALY, A.D. 425-605 mark
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italian interests and end of the we
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40°N c SCALE 0 100 200 300 0 odoac
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odoacer and theoderic (476,526) 531
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the end of the ostrogothic kingdom
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forging the lombard kingdom (568,60
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Kingdom of the Franks a 45°N b 40
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italy transformed: the ruling ilite
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the church and the papacy 541 empir
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the church and the papacy 543 of pr
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settlement and society 545 landhold
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settlement and society 547 various
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italian identities in late antiquit
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conclusion 551 tion. The fiscal cup
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the vandal conquest and vandal rule
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the vandal conquest and vandal rule
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a b 34°N c the vandal conquest and
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the byzantine conquest and byzantin
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the political geography 571 Inscrip
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a 40°N b 35°N A 25°E B 30°E C 3
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the historical framework 575 hierar
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the cities 577 However, although As
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the cities 579 from the late fifth
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the cities 581 were redeveloped, th
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city and countryside 583 achievemen
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the end of the civic era 585 and co
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the end of the civic era 587 societ
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syria, palestine and mesopotamia 58
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a 36°N b 34°N c 32°N d A 34°E B
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egypt 613 quently, Libya was separa
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egypt 615 some of the Egyptian prov
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egypt 617 praeses of Thebaid had, a
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egypt 619 be more striking. In Pous
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egypt 621 Fig. 19 Relief from the u
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egypt 623 Fig. 20 Fragment of a pap
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egypt 625 Theodore’s following hi
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egypt 627 Monophysite and Chalcedon
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egypt 629 one is that earlier house
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egypt 631 concern the Apions and th
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egypt 633 become vulnerable to fami
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egypt 635 corrections, what were on
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egypt 637 times by the charities of
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omans and sasanids 639 Kurdistan hi
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omans and sasanids 641 Ctesiphon in
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omans and sasanids 643 of defending
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oyal legitimation 645 developments
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sasanid kings and the zoroastrian p
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sasanid kings and the zoroastrian p
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kings and nobles 651 service of the
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kings and nobles 653 is the foundat
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taxation and military organization
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taxation and military organization
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sasanid collapse 659 payers in the
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sasanid collapse 661 troops in remo
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armenia in the fifth and sixth cent
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the arabs in late antiquity 679 muc
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the arabs in late antiquity 681 Ind
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arabian religious traditions 683 mo
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arabian religious traditions 685 Th
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economic life in arabia 687 use-val
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imperium and imperial politics 689
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mecca, muhammad and the rise of isl
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Page 719 and 720:
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CHAPTER 23 THE BALKANS AND GREECE 4
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introduction 703 It also illustrate
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the huns 705 latter is well illustr
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a 45°N b Salona 40°N c 35°N d Sa
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the huns 709 stoutly defended Roman
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the huns 711 were complemented by t
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from the huns to the avars 713 abou
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from the huns to the avars 715 who
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from the huns to the avars 717 The
Page 739 and 740:
SCALE 0 50 100m from the huns to th
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from roman to post-roman 721 of the
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N SCALE 0 Sacred Way Road to the Ac
Page 745 and 746:
SCALE 0 25 50m from roman to post-r
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from roman to post-roman 727 Thebes
Page 749 and 750:
from roman to post-roman 729 basis
Page 751 and 752:
CHAPTER 24 THE ORGANIZATION OF THE
Page 753 and 754:
ishops and patriarchs 733 Constanti
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ishops and patriarchs 735 Alexandri
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councils and clergy 737 qualificati
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councils and clergy 739 553 showed
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finance 741 and received the palliu
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teaching 743 Christian who learns t
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CHAPTER 25 MONASTICISM philip rouss
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monasticism 747 spiritual values, e
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monasticism 749 brief and partly fi
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monasticism 751 within his system.
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monasticism 753 famous - to be arch
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monasticism 755 reveals, in a patte
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monasticism 757 new capital for the
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monasticism 759 the way in which th
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monasticism 761 Ennaton, a large De
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monasticism 763 As we would expect
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monasticism 765 those might best be
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monasticism 767 his Italian predece
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monasticism 769 was carefully defin
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monasticism 771 evidence of its con
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monasticism 773 rule is preoccupied
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monasticism 775 with laborious scru
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monasticism 777 demanded in the Rul
Page 799 and 800:
monasticism 779 Scythopolis with th
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CHAPTER 26 HOLY MEN peter brown Som
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holy men 783 That sanctity, when ac
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holy men 785 provide us with a set
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holy men 787 of the emergence and f
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holy men 789 among the more hesitan
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holy men 791 A loyal, if careworn,
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holy men 793 When Marwan heard this
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holy men 795 the supernatural econo
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holy men 797 The Great Old Man even
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holy men 799 flow of divine favours
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holy men 801 the villagers were edg
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holy men 803 A star [he told her] i
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holy men 805 formed human conscious
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holy men 807 conflict, the supremel
Page 829 and 830:
holy men 809 Symeon maintained, as
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CHAPTER 27 THE DEFINITION AND ENFOR
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the councils of ephesus i and ii 81
Page 835 and 836:
aftermath of chalcedon 815 iii. aft
Page 837 and 838:
zeno and basiliscus 817 antencyclic
Page 839 and 840:
anastasius i 819 a synod in Antioch
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justin i and justinian 821 was forc
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justin i and justinian 823 Caesarea
Page 845 and 846:
justin i and justinian 825 Cyril of
Page 847 and 848:
justin i and justinian 827 Chapters
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justinian’s successors 829 exile
Page 851 and 852:
justinian’s successors 831 (Baalb
Page 853 and 854:
justinian’s successors 833 tribes
Page 855 and 856:
CHAPTER 28 PHILOSOPHY AND PHILOSOPH
Page 857 and 858:
philosophy in athens 837 but also o
Page 859 and 860: philosophy in athens 839 contempora
Page 861 and 862: philosophy in athens 841 Damascius
Page 863 and 864: philosophy in alexandria 843 lower
Page 865 and 866: philosophy in alexandria 845 First,
Page 867 and 868: philosophy in alexandria 847 who pi
Page 869 and 870: philosophy in alexandria 849 Chalda
Page 871 and 872: philosophy in alexandria 851 we wou
Page 873 and 874: philosophy elsewhere in the empire
Page 875 and 876: CHAPTER 29 EDUCATION IN THE ROMAN E
Page 877 and 878: education in the roman empire 857 t
Page 879 and 880: education in the roman empire 859 i
Page 881 and 882: education in the roman empire 861 P
Page 883 and 884: education in the roman empire 863 a
Page 885 and 886: education in the roman empire 865 i
Page 887 and 888: education in the roman empire 867 u
Page 889 and 890: education in the roman empire 869 f
Page 891 and 892: education in the roman empire 871 M
Page 893 and 894: education in the roman empire 873 s
Page 895 and 896: education in the roman empire 875 s
Page 897 and 898: non-literary education 877 from the
Page 899 and 900: non-literary education 879 on the n
Page 901 and 902: non-literary education 881 rose to
Page 903 and 904: non-literary education 883 to pass
Page 905 and 906: the visual arts 885 questions of pi
Page 907 and 908: artistic evidence and its interpret
Page 909: artistic evidence and its interpret
Page 913 and 914: artistic evidence and its interpret
Page 915 and 916: church and art in the fifth century
Page 917 and 918: Fig. 31 Mosaics of the Annunciation
Page 919 and 920: Fig. 32 Fifth-century mosaics of sa
Page 921 and 922: church and art in the fifth century
Page 923 and 924: ‘the age of justinian’ 903 impe
Page 925 and 926: ‘the age of justinian’ 905 as t
Page 927 and 928: Fig. 35 Sanctuary and apse with mos
Page 929 and 930: ‘the age of justinian’ 909 her
Page 931 and 932: ‘the age of justinian’ 911 Cons
Page 933 and 934: church, monks & art at end of the s
Page 939 and 940: introduction 919 supplemented by in
Page 941 and 942: SCALE 0 1 2 km Theodosian Wall Gold
Page 943 and 944: introduction 923 a combination of s
Page 945 and 946: House AD 451 Press N Church of the
Page 947 and 948: a 40°N b 30°N c A 0° B 10°E C 2
Page 949 and 950: PC Excavated peristyle court [TRIKL
Page 951 and 952: secular architecture 931 Fig. 45 Ep
Page 953 and 954: secular architecture 933 Incorporat
Page 955 and 956: secular architecture 935 Constantin
Page 957 and 958: Basilica (A) THERMAE 0 20m Piscina
Page 959 and 960: secular architecture 939 Fig. 48 Ga
Page 961 and 962:
secular architecture 941 (b) Inns S
Page 963 and 964:
30°E A 35°E B 40°E C a 40°N b 3
Page 965 and 966:
secular architecture 945 pilgrimage
Page 967 and 968:
secular architecture 947 4. Palaces
Page 969 and 970:
(a) (b) secular architecture 949 Fi
Page 971 and 972:
secular architecture 951 Fig. 52 Co
Page 973 and 974:
secular architecture 953 common, an
Page 975 and 976:
eligious architecture 955 continued
Page 977 and 978:
(a) (b) religious architecture 957
Page 979 and 980:
(a) (b) religious architecture 959
Page 981 and 982:
eligious architecture 961 Beroea an
Page 983 and 984:
eligious architecture 963 Juliana.
Page 985 and 986:
eligious architecture 965 (c) Bemas
Page 987 and 988:
eligious architecture 967 Fig. 61 B
Page 989 and 990:
eligious architecture 969 in the vi
Page 991 and 992:
conclusion 971 iv. conclusion The p
Page 993 and 994:
conclusion 973 dence from some of t
Page 995 and 996:
conclusion 975 Constantinople (a.d.
Page 997 and 998:
conclusion 977 Sasanian Persia, and
Page 999 and 1000:
conclusion 979 monks living in part
Page 1001 and 1002:
conclusion 981 Empire of 1964 and t
Page 1003 and 1004:
460 Expedition of Majorian to Spain
Page 1005 and 1006:
Visigothic Kings Vandal Kings Frank
Page 1007 and 1008:
BIBLIOGRAPHY ABBREVIATIONS Full ref
Page 1009 and 1010:
abbreviations 989 JESHO Journal of
Page 1011 and 1012:
frequently cited works 991 FREQUENT
Page 1013 and 1014:
frequently cited works 993 Jeffreys
Page 1015 and 1016:
i. chronological overview 995 Archi
Page 1017 and 1018:
i. chronological overview 997 Charl
Page 1019 and 1020:
i. chronological overview 999 Goffa
Page 1021 and 1022:
i. chronological overview 1001 the
Page 1023 and 1024:
i. chronological overview 1003 Tard
Page 1025 and 1026:
ii. government and institutions 100
Page 1027 and 1028:
Page 1029 and 1030:
Page 1031 and 1032:
Page 1033 and 1034:
Page 1035 and 1036:
Page 1037 and 1038:
Page 1039 and 1040:
Page 1041 and 1042:
Page 1043 and 1044:
Page 1045 and 1046:
Page 1047 and 1048:
Page 1049 and 1050:
iii. east and west: economy and soc
Page 1051 and 1052:
Page 1053 and 1054:
Page 1055 and 1056:
Page 1057 and 1058:
Page 1059 and 1060:
Page 1061 and 1062:
Page 1063 and 1064:
Page 1065 and 1066:
Page 1067 and 1068:
ch. 18: the north-western provinces
Page 1069 and 1070:
ch. 19: italy, a.d. 425,605 1049 Ba
Page 1071 and 1072:
ch. 20: vandal and byzantine africa
Page 1073 and 1074:
ch. 20: vandal and byzantine africa
Page 1075 and 1076:
ch. 21a: asia minor and cyprus 1055
Page 1077 and 1078:
ch. 21a: asia minor and cyprus 1057
Page 1079 and 1080:
ch. 21b: syria, palestine and mesop
Page 1081 and 1082:
ch. 21c: egypt 1061 Shahı - d, I.
Page 1083 and 1084:
ch. 21c: egypt 1063 Hardy, E. R. (1
Page 1085 and 1086:
ch. 22a: the sasanid monarchy 1065
Page 1087 and 1088:
ch. 22b: armenia in the fifth and s
Page 1089 and 1090:
ch. 22b: armenia in the fifth and s
Page 1091 and 1092:
ch. 22c: the arabs 1071 al-Is · fa
Page 1093 and 1094:
ch. 22c: the arabs 1073 Christensen
Page 1095 and 1096:
ch. 22c: the arabs 1075 Jabbur, J.
Page 1097 and 1098:
ch. 23: the balkans and greece, 420
Page 1099 and 1100:
ch. 23: the balkans and greece, 420
Page 1101 and 1102:
v. religion and culture 1081 Woznia
Page 1103 and 1104:
v. religion and culture 1083 Brock,
Page 1105 and 1106:
v. religion and culture 1085 Dagron
Page 1107 and 1108:
v. religion and culture 1087 Finney
Page 1109 and 1110:
v. religion and culture 1089 Hadot,
Page 1111 and 1112:
v. religion and culture 1091 Kleinb
Page 1113 and 1114:
v. religion and culture 1093 Mansfe
Page 1115 and 1116:
v. religion and culture 1095 Fortun
Page 1117 and 1118:
v. religion and culture 1097 Sorabj
Page 1119 and 1120:
v. religion and culture 1099 Wallac
Page 1121:
conclusion 1101 Heather, P. (1989)
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